Reading Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading Review - Assignment Example Theses artists perceived revolutionary leftist politics as the sole hope against abuse and violence. They therefore placed hope in political art as opportunities to bring change. To communicate to masses of people, the artists organized realism, a style that most people preferred and understood (Barber 31). Some artists such as Diego Rivera used their art to protest social ills. In 1950, Rivera created an artistically huge, multi-layered mural in Mexico City. He drew his ideas from the early colonial manuscripts, Pre-Columbian sculpture, and historical accounts to compose idealistic portraits of utopian Indian traditions, on-going resistance to the dominant Spaniards, and radical assault on imperialist vices. Rivera’s use of new technologies in art was used to protest social evils and had clear appeal to leftist politics, an appeal that expanded to the U.S during the age of depression. Most of researches from art works indicate that femininity failed to fulfill most of the requirements of traditional art history. In the 19th century, these practical limitations did not affect women as much, but in the early years of the 20th century, women were gradually marginalized from paintings. Women, whose reputed powers were in intuition and emotions as opposed to reason were perceived as incapable of delivering symbolic and intellectual arts properly. History art depends on a clear creation of articulated texts, where texts are clearly employed to meet discursive objectives. Similarly, the temperaments needed of a history artist begun to be gendered as â€Å"masculine† thus implying that none of the women artists would have the frame of mind essential to create significant historical art. Since art displayed and needed judgment and imagination; a couple of components of reason, they were traditionally associated with masculinity. A notion came

The Life and Teachings of Siddhartha Gautama Essay Example for Free

The Life and Teachings of Siddhartha Gautama Essay Buddhism is a way of life for Buddhists, based on the teachings of a man who had lived more than two and a half thousand years ago in northern India. He was born in the foothills of Lumbini, in what is now Nepal, in about 563BCE, and was called Siddhartha. His family was called Gautama, and his father (Shuddhodana) was the rular of the Shakya clan at that time. Everyone who followed Siddhartha called him the Buddha, which means the enlightened one. They believed that he had found the truth about life. Many stories about the life of the Buddha were passed on by word of mouth for about 600 years before anyone wrote them down. They were a constant reminder of the Buddha and all the things he did for other people. Siddharthas father felt very strongly about him taking over as rular. He therefore gave Siddhartha everything he wanted and every luxury he could have. He didnt tell his son about suffering and death because he didnt want to upset him. He was afraid that these things would stop him from becoming interested in religion. Because Siddhartha was a prince, he was taught the skills of archery, horsemanship, swordplay and martial arts. He was given the staff of beautiful young women to care for him and to look after him. When he was only nineteen, he married a beautiful princess named Yasodhara. Because she was a princess, she was allowed to choose her husband from the local princes. She chooses Siddhartha after a number of competitions, which included lots of things such as sports and the singing of love-songs! They then had a son whose name was Rahula. When Siddhartha decided to go out in his chariot, his father sent all his servants to go and get all the blind and sick people of the streets because he didnt want to upset his son, but Siddhartha saw four things that changed his life. He saw an old man, a sick man, a corpse and a Hindu holy man, or a Sadhu. After seeing the first three of these, Siddhartha knew that he had to grow old and die. He no longer wanted a life of luxury but wanted to be ordinary. He wanted to help these people overcome their suffering. He wanted to become more like a Sadhu, who gave up all his possessions and time to lead a spiritual life. He knew that this spiritual life was for him to live. Then, one night, he left his family at the palace. Channa, his charioteer, drove him out of his fathers city. He cut off all his hair, took off all his fine clothes and, wearing just a simple robe, he set out to a homeless life. He was 29 years old. For six years Siddhartha lived under strict discipline of the Hindu religion. In other words he lived as an ascetic. He had settled to live with five other holy men near the River Nairanjana. He had trained himself to fast for long periods of time and when he had done that he only ate a little, just enough for him to live on. Some people said that he nearly killed himself fasting like that. He grew so thin that you could see his backbone through his stomach. Then, one day, he decided that this fasting and discipline wasnt doing him any good. He was trying to find the truth about life and this discipline wasnt helping, so he gave it up. He went down to the river and bathed, and on the way back he met a milkmaid named Nandabala, and she offered him some rice pudding to eat. He accepted it. The other holy men thought that Siddhartha was giving up his fast and as a consequence, they then decided to desert him. Unfortunately, he had not done what he came to do. He still wanted to find the meaning and purpose of life and to understand how to overcome the suffering that there was. He went and sat at the bottom of a tree and vowed that he would not move until he had achieved this enlightenment. He sat under the tree all night, trying to deal with temptations. Then, he was said to have gained this enlightenment. The tree that he sat under is now called the Bodhi-tree because the word for enlightenment is Bodhi. He was thirty-five when he became enlightened. For the rest of his life, until he died at eighty, he had walked all over India. One of the main places where he taught was Varanasi, where he explained his teaching-which is now the basis of all Buddhist understanding and practice. He found the sanga- the order of monks and nuns who spent their lives spreading the teaching. Most people dont choose to be monks or nuns. They follow the Buddhas teaching, and apply it to work and family life. The sanga refers to all those who are monks or nuns. By the time the Buddha had died thousands of people in India had become his followers. During the next century his teaching spread throughout most of Asia. Today there are well over 500 million Buddhists living in countries such as India, Nepal, Thailand, Japan etc. There are many Buddhist centres in the west, Europe and the U.S.A. The Buddhists believe that everyone can achieve enlightenment. They hope to do so. Some say that we all have the Buddha nature within ourselves. Siddhartha is called the Buddha because he was the first to be enlightened in this way. The Buddhists respect the Buddha in many different ways. They respect him as a great and famous teacher, helping others to understand the truth and meaning of life, and to help them gain enlightenment like the Buddha.

Department of Education: A waste of taxpayer money or a necessity to ou

The United States Government has fifteen Cabinet level agencies which include topics such as agriculture to foreign affairs however there is one specific agency that spends billions of dollars a year which may or may not be needed. The United States Department of Education is an agency that could be minimized. The United States Department of Education should be minimized and the state and local departments should be in charge of their own education policies. In 1867 the original Department of Education was created to collect information on schools and teaching that would help the states establish effective and competitive school systems. During that time the D.O.E. was called the Office of Education and didn’t have an official place in the Executive Branch. The United States Department of Education (D.O.E.) has been officially around since 1971 when President Jimmy Carter signed into law the creation of the D.O.E. as a Cabinet level agency. Two years later, when President Ronald Reagan took office he planned on abolishing the D.O.E. right away because he believed the federal government was intruding too much and that the state and local governments should control the education (Genovese 164). However, in 1983 the D.O.E. published A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Education Reform which critiqued America’s public education system. President Reagan was alarmed at this report and decided to retain the D.O.E. because h e saw it as a weakness if our education system was producing citizens not able to contribute positively to our economy (Genovese 165). Since that year, most republican presidential candidates have considered abolishing the D.O.E. until recently. The top contenders for the republican presidential candi... ...011. "DESE Mission." Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. Government of Missouri. Web. 02 Dec. 2011. "Federal Role in Education." U.S. Department of Education. United States Government. Web. 27 Nov. 2011. "Fiscal Year 2012 Budget Summary and Background Information." FY 2012 Budget Summary: Table of Contents. U.S. Department of Education, 31 Mar. 2011. Web. 27 Nov. 2011. Genovese, Michael A. Encyclopedia of the American Presidency. New York: Facts on File, 2010. Print. NeSA Tests Brochure. Nebraska Department of Education. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. "No Child Left Behind (NCLB)." GreatSchools - Public and Private School Ratings, Reviews and Parent Community. Web. 02 Dec. 2011. "Title I, Part A Program." U.S. Department of Education. United States Government. Web. 01 Dec. 2011. USAJOBS - Job Search. United States Government. Web. 01 Dec. 2011.

Construction contract Essay

An excellent submission, Welcome to this subject, a good start to this subject with this first assignment. My name is Cliff McSorley; I will be marking your assignments for this subject. Part 1 Good analysis and detailed response to both parts of this question. This is quite a problematic question, it would be something you would most likely do with the assistance of a solicitor, however you do need to be aware that changes to a contract is a difficult task and in my opinion always stick with the tried and tested standard contacts. Contracts provided by industry association have been tried and tested in the courts over many years and therefore should provide adequate protection for you the contractor. Part 2 – Home Warranty Insurance Below is clause 39.2 from AS 4000 Provide a written explanation identifying how you as the contractor can ensure that they do not default on the contract addressing each point from A to E. Provide no more than half a page on each point. 39.2Contractor’s default If the Contractor commits a substantial breach of the Contract, the Principal may, by hand or by certified post, give the Contractor a written notice to show cause. Substantial breaches include, but are not limited to: a)failing to: i)provide security Excellent response The contractor may be required to obtain a guarantee of the company’s liquidity to complete the project this is done by providing security to the principal Security could be in the form of a) cash; b) retention monies; c) bonds or inscribed stock or their equivalent issued by a national, state or territory government; d) interest bearing deposit in a bank e) an approved unconditional undertaking or an approved performance undertaking given by an approved financial institution or insurance company; or f) other form approved by the party having the benefit of security; The most common form of security would be through a bank guarantee failing to do this would be a breach of contract. ii)provide evidence of insurance; Again well answered A contractor must effect and maintain insurances as stipulated in the contract and present copies of these to the client on commencement of the work and provide the customer a copy of the policy and a certificate of currency at any time requested by the client. iii)comply with a direction of the Superintendent pursuant to subclause 29.3; Subclause 29.3 addresses any defective workmanship and materials provided by the subcontractor under this clause if the superintendent becomes aware of any defective workmanship the superintendent shall as soon as practicable give the contractor written details thereof. If the defective workmanship or materials are not rectified the superintendent may direct the contractor to either a) remove the material from the site b) demolish the work c) reconstruct, replace or correct the work and d) not deliver it to site If a) the contractor fails to comply with such a direction; and b) that failure has not been made good within 8 days after the contractor receives written notice from the superintendent that the principal intends to have the  subject work rectified by others at the cost of the contractor The superintendent may also direct the contractor that the principal is willing to accept the subject work, whereupon there shall be a deemed variation. iv) use the materials or standards of work required by the Contract; Again well answered. b) wrongful suspension of work; Again well answered. c) substantial departure from a construction program without reasonable cause or the Superintendent’s approval; Again well answered. d) where there is no construction program, failing to proceed with due expedition and without delay; and  Well answered, the contract would have a date for practical completion, therefore this is a timeframe that the has to meet, so even if there is an absence of a construction program the contractor still needs to progress the job in a reasonable time line. This time line would judge as what a reasonable time frame for carrying out a job would be. This would be judged on a job by job basis and things like the detail, materials, ease of access and size of the work would all need to be taken into account. The contractor was seen to be progressing the job at a reasonable rate in respect to his resources (eg. size of the company) throughout the construction process, failure to do so would be consider to be a substantial breach of contract. e) in respect of clause **, knowingly providing documentary evidence containing an untrue statement. Well answered. Part 3 1) Recommend two (2) different types of contracts for the following types of projects 2) Two well selected contracts, for each project. 3) Using your recommendations above propose what contract would you use and give reasons why for the following projects also identify statutory and legislative requirements of using these contracts. Excellent choice and discussion again with very good explanations on why you have chosen each contract and details of statutory and legislative requirements included to further justify your decisions 4) Describe the process of creating a contractual situation from the point of submitting a Tender to signing a contract and identify each step using construction terminology. For each step also identify using the legal terminology. Well stepped through with good details on legal terminology. An alternate description of the tender process:- Broadly the Tender process after submission of the tender by the contractor, involves the following: Meeting with the principal to clarify aspects of a tender. The Tenderer making a presentation to help promote a tender. Note that the submission of the tender can be construed as a contractual offer which is capable of acceptance by the principal as part of creating binding legal relations. Sometimes the Principal will provide a Letter of Intent to a tenderer telling the tenderer that they are the preferred tenderer and that a contract will be awarded. Whether this Letter of Intent is legally binding depends on the wording of the Letter – in some instances it could be construed as an early works contract. Generally where a Tender process is involved, there is no negotiation with respect to the terms of the proposed contract. Once a tender is accepted by the Principal, a Letter of Acceptance is sent to the tenderer – or a written contract is signed by the Principal and tenderer (Contractor) which forms the basis of the legal relationship between the principal and the tenderer. The contract generally incorporates plans and specif ications. An offer and acceptable of the offer are necessary ingredients in creating a legally binding contract. There must also be consideration, which is generally the tender price, and an intention to create legal relations. Generally the latter can be inferred from the tender process. The above feedback is not provided to contradict your interpretations but to provide response based on my understanding of contracts relating to this  assignment. I hope the comments are useful. I found that you have well analysed the question throughout this assignment and provide well constructed responses to the questions. Please note:- With future assignments you could include a cover page, a contents page and number pages. I also think that it is a good idea to include a footer on each page which includes your name, page number and the date etc.as appropriate (please refer to the link on the OLS under â€Å"Course Information† – â€Å"Overview† – â€Å"Assessment Presentation Guidelines†).

Willy Loman and Gatsby Comparison

His mall Idea was to obtain the â€Å"girl of his dreams† alongside this, but ended with either as he took a ferocious ride to his own self-destruction. Wily, In contrast, was able to accomplish the envious American Dream, but was far too ambitious to notice. When Wily decides he wants to search for his father with his brother Ben, he met Dave Signalman who essentially changes his inure future. In order to make a sale all he had to do was â€Å"pick up his phone and call the buyers, and without ever leaving his room, he made his living†¦ (Miller, pop 1. After seeing how successful he was, Wily totally reconsiders his original decision of going to Alaska, and Instead, became a legman which marks the beginning of his downfall. Both characters prove to be very lacking in moral sense. Jay Gatsby only motivation for becoming rich was to win Daisy back. Gatsby threw exuberant parties and lies about his background just to prove his worthiness to Daisy. â€Å"There was music fr om my neighbor's house through the summer nights.In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and he champagne and the stars†¦ † (Fitzgerald, pop). In Will's case, after arriving home from â€Å"work†, he boasts about his sales, despite it being blatant lies Just to impress his family. If old man Wagner was still alive I'd a been in charge of New York now. † (Miller, pa). This quote truly shows how far Wily has fallen, as it could not be further from the truth. The biggest factor that separates the two characters is their lifestyle and financial situation.Gatsby lives his life in an astonishing fashion, with the ability to buy anything anyone could ever desire. Inhabiting a giant mansion on the lakefront property of West Egg, it is very easy to envy Gatsby and the money he possesses. In contrast, Wily Loan lives a life very few would envy. With financial troubles throughout, Wily Loan has extreme rubles providing for his fa mily. Despite leading very divergent lifestyles, Jay Gatsby and Wily Loan were both amoral and caught up in the illusion of the American Dream.It is no coincidence, that at their lives conclusions, both found themselves terribly alone, even on their deathbeds. Wily Loan and Gatsby Comparison By Edgewood Gatsby hosts parties in an attempt to fit in, but his attempt is inevitably a failure as main idea was to obtain the â€Å"girl of his dreams† alongside this, but ended with neither as he took a ferocious ride to his own self-destruction. Wily, in contrast, was Dave Signalman who essentially changes his entire future.In order to make a sale all room, he made his living†¦ † (Miller, pop). After seeing how successful he was, Wily totally reconsiders his original decision of going to Alaska, and instead, became a very lacking in moral sense. Jay Gatsby only motivation for becoming rich was to win Daisy back. Gatsby threw exuberant parties and lies about his background Just to Willis case, after arriving home from â€Å"work†, he boasts about his sales, despite it new Gatsby and the money he possesses. In contrast, Wily Loan lives a life very

Network and Telecommunicating in HC

Network and Telecommunicating in HC Hospital medical doctors rely on relevant and reliable medical databases for the professional performance of their medical oath. The research centers on physicians’ exchange of medical research information with other physicians in the community. The research centers on both the drawbacks and expected benefits of data distribution systems. The hospital physicians can choose between distributed data processing and centralized data processing.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Network and Telecommunicating in HC specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Distributed data processing centers. Under this process, different programs have their own databases. Each of the hospitals will have their own separate databases (Http://Ebookee.Org). The doctors in one hospital cannot access the databases from another hospital in the community. Hospital A will have its own database software. In turn, Hospital B will have its own database software. All the other hospitals have their own database software systems. Each hospital’s software does not share the same files with the other hospitals in the community. In a single processor computer, the central processing unit (CPU) and its input /output operations are separated and overlapped (Ozsu, 2011, p. 2). Other examples of distributed data processing include web-based applications, electronic commerce business over the internet, multimedia applications, as well as medical imaging. There are expected benefits from using the distributed data processing system. One of the expected benefits of the system is the implementation of the divide and conquer rule. One can better solve a complicated problem by dividing the problem into segments. Each person or group is assigned to solve one separate segment of the problem at the same time. Each team will contribute its own segment solutions to the entire group. Under the distributed data processing system, the time needed to solve one problem is reduced to allowable time periods. Second, each hospital’s database cannot be accessed by unauthorized persons in another hospital. Since the other hospitals cannot access the database of the other hospitals, the threat of hackers is reduced. Hackers can use software that will detect, delete, or bypass the passwords of a given database. Third, the physicians or hospitals can beneficially use the distributed data processing system for the preparation of confidential financial, medical, and other relevant reports. The physician or hospital can use the same processing system to process payroll, inventory, administrative chores and functions. The system’s program is allied only to one hospital system. Another hospital has its own data processing system (School Graduates to Distributed Data Prcoessing System, 1983, p. 42). There are some drawbacks from implementing the distributed data processing system. One hospital cannot access the required databa se from the other hospitals. For example, Hospital A cannot access the diabetes research database of hospital B. the same Hospital B cannot access the cancer research database of Hospital C. In the same light, hospital D cannot retrieve the required AIDS/ HIV database of Hospital A. Second, some unauthorized persons may use the hospital’s terminals to access classified medical records.Advertising Looking for report on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With the advent of Wi-Fi technology, a hacker can enter the hospital’s website and log on to hospital’s restricted medical database. While inside the hospital’s database software, the hacker can retrieve confidential data, add unauthorized data, edit confidential data, and delete some of the hospital’s confidential and vital hospital patient information. To resolve the hacker threat, the security measures must be in place. The security measures reduce data theft under the distributed data processing system. Proposed transition to centralized data processing model. Under this process, different programs can access the same database source. All the different programs can manipulate data gathered from only one huge central database. The database is shared by all the programs, physicians, and hospitals. Remote computer terminals can access the same database and generate similar reports (Hall, 2012, p. 424). There are expected benefits from implementing the centralized data processing system. First, the use of lesser number of computer systems is involved. The security systems reduce security threats. Under this process, limited security procedures are needed compared to the security measures implemented under the distributed data processing system (McEwen, 1990, p. 15). Second, one hospital can access any required database information from the other seven hospitals in the community. Hospital A c an access the tuberculosis research database of hospital E. Hospital B can access the dentistry research database of hospital F. Hospital G can scrutinize the AIDS research database of hospital H. There are some disadvantages from implementing the centralized data processing system. The centralized data processing system reduces the danger of unauthorized persons leaking information. Stricter data security measures must be in place in the centralized data processing system when compared to the security measures implemented under the distributed data processing system. The stricter security measures include encrypted passwords and security personnel prevent unauthorized persons from entering the computer terminals. Based on the above discussion, medical doctors need relevant and reliable medical databases for their hospital practices. The distributed data processing system has its expected benefits and drawbacks. Similarly, the centralized data processing system has its own unique ex pected benefits and drawbacks. Evidently, the hospital physicians can correctly choose between distributed data processing and centralized data processing for their medical database researches. References Hall, J. (2012). Accounting Information System. New York: Cengage Press.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Network and Telecommunicating in HC specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More McEwen, J. (1990). Cops Nad Computers: Microcomputers in Criminal Justice. New York: Diane Press. Ozsu, M. (2011). Principles of Distributed Database Systems. New York: Springer Press. Business Data Communication, Retrieved from https://ebookee.org/ School Graduates to Distributed Data Prcoessing System. (1983). Computerworld , 17Â  (45), 42.

Free Essays on If Though Must Love Me Response

Poetry to me is a way to express thoughts or feelings in an artistic and meaningful way. The poem â€Å"If Thou Must Love Me† by Elizabeth Barrett Browning is more or less a love poem that sends many messages to me about love. A few of Browning’s messages are that true love is forever, love transcends image, and the use of love is too common. The first message in Browning’s poem, true love is forever is directly supported. Line 14, â€Å"love’s eternity† says that love is forever. The whole poem talks about how sometimes love is called love but may not necessarily be true love in fact, and thus won’t last forever. â€Å"Except for loves sake only†, line 2, means that if one loves the person for love of that whole person then the love is genuine and will forever exist. The second message in Browning’s poem is that love transcends image. One cannot love someone because of some physical beauty, â€Å"Do not say ‘I love her for her smile-her look’ †, she doesn’t desire to be loved for this reason. Nor does she want to be loved because of her manner of speech â€Å"Do not say†¦her way of speaking gently†. The last message that I can relate to in this poem is that the use of love is too common. Browning says several times that she doesn’t want to be loved for such superficial things. Love is a deep and meaningful thing that shouldn’t be conditional, this is supported by lines 9 through 12, â€Å"Neither love me for thine own dear pity’s wiping me cheeks dry-A creature might forget to weep, who bore thy comfort long, and lose thy love thereby†. Furthermore, if love is based on superficial things then when these things change that the foundation for the love is thus lost, â€Å"For these things in themselves, beloved, may be changed, or change for thee-and love, so wrought, may be unwrought so† This poem was chosen for the personal response because for me, love is a touchy subject. To me love is something th... Free Essays on If Though Must Love Me Response Free Essays on If Though Must Love Me Response Poetry to me is a way to express thoughts or feelings in an artistic and meaningful way. The poem â€Å"If Thou Must Love Me† by Elizabeth Barrett Browning is more or less a love poem that sends many messages to me about love. A few of Browning’s messages are that true love is forever, love transcends image, and the use of love is too common. The first message in Browning’s poem, true love is forever is directly supported. Line 14, â€Å"love’s eternity† says that love is forever. The whole poem talks about how sometimes love is called love but may not necessarily be true love in fact, and thus won’t last forever. â€Å"Except for loves sake only†, line 2, means that if one loves the person for love of that whole person then the love is genuine and will forever exist. The second message in Browning’s poem is that love transcends image. One cannot love someone because of some physical beauty, â€Å"Do not say ‘I love her for her smile-her look’ †, she doesn’t desire to be loved for this reason. Nor does she want to be loved because of her manner of speech â€Å"Do not say†¦her way of speaking gently†. The last message that I can relate to in this poem is that the use of love is too common. Browning says several times that she doesn’t want to be loved for such superficial things. Love is a deep and meaningful thing that shouldn’t be conditional, this is supported by lines 9 through 12, â€Å"Neither love me for thine own dear pity’s wiping me cheeks dry-A creature might forget to weep, who bore thy comfort long, and lose thy love thereby†. Furthermore, if love is based on superficial things then when these things change that the foundation for the love is thus lost, â€Å"For these things in themselves, beloved, may be changed, or change for thee-and love, so wrought, may be unwrought so† This poem was chosen for the personal response because for me, love is a touchy subject. To me love is something th...

Erving Goffmans Front Stage and Back Stage Behavior

Erving Goffman's Front Stage and Back Stage Behavior In sociology, the terms front stage and back stage refer to different behaviors that people engage in every day. Developed by the late sociologist Erving Goffman, they form part of the dramaturgical perspective within sociology that uses the metaphor of the theater to explain social interaction. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Erving Goffman presented the dramaturgical perspective in the 1959 book The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. In it, Goffman uses the metaphor of theatrical production to offer a way of understanding human interaction and behavior. He argues that social life is a performance carried out by teams of participants in three places: front stage, back stage, and off stage. The dramaturgical perspective also emphasizes the importance of the setting, or context, in shaping the performance, the role of a persons appearance in social interaction, and the effect the manner of a persons behavior has on the overall performance. Running through this perspective is a recognition that social interaction is influenced by the time and place in which it occurs as well as by the audience present to witness it. It is also determined by the values, norms, beliefs, and common cultural practices of the social group or the locale where it occurs. Front Stage Behavior- the World Is a Stage The idea that people play different roles throughout their daily lives and display different kinds of behavior depending on where they are and the time of day is a familiar one. Most people, consciously or unconsciously, behave somewhat differently as their professional selves vs. their private or intimate selves. According to Goffman, people engage in front stage behavior when they know that others are watching. Front stage behavior reflects internalized norms and expectations for behavior shaped partly by the  setting, the particular role one plays in it, and by ones physical appearance. How people participate in a front stage performance can be highly intentional and purposeful, or it can be habitual or subconscious. Either way, front stage behavior typically follows a routinized and learned social script shaped by cultural norms. Waiting in line for something, boarding a bus and flashing a transit pass, and  exchanging pleasantries about the weekend with colleagues are all examples of highly routinized and scripted front-stage performances. The routines of peoples daily lives- traveling to and from work, shopping, dining out, or going to a cultural exhibit or performance- all fall into the category of front stage behavior. The performances people put on with those around them follow familiar rules and expectations for what they should do and talk about with one another in each setting. People also engage in front stage behavior in less public places such as among colleagues at work and as students in classrooms. Whatever the setting of front stage behavior, people are aware of how others perceive them and what they expect, and this knowledge tells them how to behave. It shapes not just what individuals do and say in social settings but how they dress and style themselves, the consumer items they carry around, and the manner of their behavior (assertive, demure, pleasant, hostile, etc.) These, in turn, shape how others view them, what they expect of them, and how they behave toward them. Put differently, French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu would say that cultural capital is a significant factor both in shaping front stage behavior and how others interpret the meaning of it. Back Stage Behavior- What We Do When No Ones Looking When people engage in back stage behavior, they are free of the expectations and norms that dictate front stage behavior. Given this, people are often more relaxed and comfortable when  back stage; they let their guard down and behave in ways that reflect their uninhibited or true selves. They cast off elements of their appearance required for a front stage performance, such as swapping work clothes for casual clothes and loungewear. They may even change how they speak and comport their bodies or carry themselves. When people are back stage, they often rehearse certain behaviors or interactions and otherwise prepare for upcoming front stage performances. They might practice their smile or handshake, rehearse a presentation or conversation, or prep themselves to look a certain way once in public again. So even back stage, people are aware of norms and expectations, which influence what they think about and do. In private, people behave in ways that they would never in public. However, even peoples back stage lives tend to involve others, such as housemates, partners, and family members. One may not behave as formally with these individuals than standard front stage behavior dictates, but they may not fully let down their guards either. Peoples back stage behavior mirrors the way actors behave in the back stage of a theater, the kitchen within a restaurant, or the employee only areas of retail shops. For the most part, how one behaves front stage significantly differs from an individuals back stage conduct. When someone ignores the expectations for front and back stage behaviors, it may lead to confusion, embarrassment, and even controversy. Imagine if a high school principal showed up to school in her bathrobe and slippers, for example, or used profanity while speaking with colleagues and students. For good reason, the expectations linked to front stage and back stage behavior influence most folks to work pretty hard to keep these two realms remain separate and distinct.

PROGRAMMING AND CULTURE IN ARCHITECTURE WAY Assignment

PROGRAMMING AND CULTURE IN ARCHITECTURE WAY - Assignment Example On a further note, the other major functionalities of the site include possessing a small grocery store in the restaurant wherein the customers can find traditional Guatemalan foods and setting the environment of the place with beautiful paintings and marimba music. Considering the major functions that have been previously discussed, the element concerning the level of competition prevalent within the site is likely to be less important for Guatemalteca Bakery Restaurant. This can be judged based on the fact that the business of the restaurant focuses on providing superior quality of products and/or services related to various menus of foods as well as other add-on facilities to the customers that enabled towards sustaining its operations efficiently (Pearson South Africa 78). In addition, the element concerning the pricing of the competitors is deemed to be less important for the restaurant. Justifiably, it can be affirmed that the business deals with various services that include sprawling space food, bakery section and grocery store as well as dining area that are likely to grow the attractiveness of the site, without imposing much level of impact on the pricing decisions of the

Employee Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Employee Motivation - Essay Example Besides, Taylor was the first to identify other than material the needs of the employees and tried to include them into motivational process. Among the other, he hired doctors, nurses and psychologists to his company (Miner, 2005). 4 Maslow's theory of motivation: a revolution in organizational science. During 1950s the diverse approaches to human nature were united into a broad organizational approach. This period was the heyday of organizational science as during that time major concepts that motivation were developed. The most important of such theories is obviously Abraham Maslow's (1954) theory of motivation. Maslow's "hierarchy of needs" provided a framework for analysis why people work and how they may be motivated in the best way (McShane and Von Glinow, 2001). 6 Goal-setting theory, developed by Edwin Locke and Gary Latham, implies that the goals are the most important factors affecting the motivation and behaviour of employees. This theory emphasizes the importance of specific and challenging goals in achieving motivated behaviour. Specific goals, observing Locke and Latham, usually imply quantitative targets that motivate people to work more effectively. These goals are usually rather achievable, though not easy to achieve. Challenging goals, in their turn, are difficult but not impossible to attain. Empirical research supports the proposition that goals that are both specific and challenging are more motivational than vague goals or goals that are relatively easy to achieve (Miner, 2005; McShane and Von Glinow, 2001). 9 Several factors moderate the relationship between specific and challenging goals as well as with high levels of motivation, i.e.: 10 Goal commitment, which means that the more dedicated an individual is to achieve the goal, the more he/she will be motivated to exert effort toward goal accomplishment. 10 Self-efficacy that is an employee's belief that he/she can successfully complete a particular task. If individuals have a high degree of self-efficacy, they are likely to respond more positively to specific and challenging goals than if they have a low degree of self-efficacy (Miner, 2005; McShane and Von Glinow, 2001). 10 Conclusions 10 FACTORS AND PROCESSES THAT AFFECT EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION IN ORGANIZATION Introduction Effective motivation is a corner stone of organizational functioning, development, competitiveness and, yet, effectiveness. Over the past decades, the way in which people are managed, promoted and stimulated at workplaces has become a primary key to assess and improve organizational efficiency and marketability and became a part of a general organizational strategy. In terms of globalization and rapidly changing business environment, as well as growing competitiveness on the market modern companies increasingly need to rely rather of skilled and motivated employees then on pure technologies and products. As Steve Jobs, CEO of legendary Apple Computers states, "in terms when technologies may be

Social Entreprenuerism Questions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Entreprenuerism Questions - Research Paper Example Communities play an intricate role in the development and growth of the social enterprise. The community creates the legitimacy for the enterprise by providing marketing and distribution channels. It is; therefore, correct to insinuate that they are donor-investors as they contribute to the growth of the enterprise (Dees et al., 2002). Analyzing performance in this enterprise in crucial since everybody needs to be well- prepared for the task at hand. Any failure or laxity may prove detrimental to the growth of the enterprise (Dees et al., 2002). The rapid growth of profit-maximization organizations may prove difficult to come back from such a decline. One vital characteristic is their ability to convince a customer of the possible nature of the seemingly impossible. Their confidence is a personal trait that sets them apart from the rest (Dees et al., 2002). Confident individuals who try to sell something always have an edge over their competitors. I met a street vendor selling action figures who convinced me to purchase one. It was his confidence that enabled him to grab my

What is the marketing of Pampers diaper product and why is it marketed Assignment

What is the marketing of Pampers diaper product and why is it marketed in this way - Assignment Example The brand of Pampers always tried to maintain a strong relationship with its target customers and so desired to offer highly innovative products at a competitive price. In order to fulfil such strategy, it introduced pamper diapers for the babies of varying sizes. However, in order to enhance the position of the products in the market, it used varied techniques such as: Sampling program-in order to position the new product, pampers used to offer gif samples to the mothers. By doing so, the reliability and loyalty of the customers might get enhanced that might prove effective for the new product; diapers. Vigorous advertising- in order to market the new product, Pampers offered higher concentration over the process of advertising. However, it is done in order to enhance the level of awareness of the customers thereby amplifying the total sale and profitability of the brand. But it mainly focused on television advertisements, newspaper advertisements highlighting clean and comfortable nights, long sound-sleep day times. By doing so, the brand might enhance its position and brand image of its products in the market and within the minds of the customers. The product of diapers is marketed in the above mentioned fashion in order to analyse and evaluate the purchasing behaviour of the target customers. Apart from this, by doing so, the brand might analyse, which segment (newborn, extra protect, night, fresh comforts and wipes) is highly preferred by the customers. Along with this, the brand might also evaluate, which segments presents the highest sale and revenue among others. By doing so, the brand of Pampers might offer high concentration over that specific segment thereby amplifying its consistency and loyalty in the market among other segments. This might help the brand of Pampers to enhance its market demand and reliability in the market thereby fading the popularity of its competitor; Huggies (Pampers, 2014). Other than this,

Please look at attachment (New Media & International Communication) Essay

Please look at attachment (New Media & International Communication) - Essay Example The social media landscapes are positive in providing networks and updates; however, it also tends to be abused by many and takes away from the natural, physical interactions among friends and individuals. The convenience of technology with human interaction is one which is widely used by friends and family members. The interactions include convenience of giving information, planning schedules and getting to know what individuals are doing. Using technology as a form of human interaction has become more convenient than meeting with individuals physically. Remote connections, meeting individuals that normally wouldn’t occur and having continuous updates are some of the changes which are now expected from technology. This has become a substitute for human interaction and makes it more convenient to keep in touch with others through various portals. Everything from mobile technology to social media portals, such as Facebook, provides more interactions that take place remotely and which are easier to be a part of. The limitations of technology, as well as the ease of connecting to others, have been developed because of the main goals of connecting online.

Development of Research Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Development of Research Questions - Essay Example This study has therefore posed a broad based primary research question as follows: In order to arrive at meaningful answers to this research question, a qualitative questionnaire survey approach is proposed. This method of inquiry appears to be best suited to answer the main research question posed above, because such a questionnaire directed towards former juvenile prison inmates would help to elicit their first hand views on the nature of the prison programs. Since the questionnaire would also seek to determine what the former inmates are engaged in presently, it would also help in providing some insight into how many of them have been able to move into a gainful existence in terms of employment or education. This would also provide a means of inferring whether the prison programs those former inmates experienced were effective or not. If the survey questionnaire is to function effectively in answering the research question, it must also contain questions that can elicit information on some other aspects. Firstly, the questionnaire must contain demographic information, such as the age and sex of the respondent, as well as their current occupation and education levels. Secondly, the questionnaire should also seek to determine whether these former juvenile inmates have committed crimes after their release from prison. Thirdly, the questionnaire should also attempt to determine why they chose to offend again, if they had pursued that path. Research has suggested that while the experience of incarceration does place juvenile inmates into a position of readiness to accept positive changes and modify their conduct, prison fails to provide these inmates with the skills they need to bring about these changes (Ashker & Kenny, 2008). Their opinions and views of the prison programs will have to be determined, to arrive at in ferences about whether or not they found these

Please look at attachment (New Media & International Communication) Essay

Please look at attachment (New Media & International Communication) - Essay Example The social media landscapes are positive in providing networks and updates; however, it also tends to be abused by many and takes away from the natural, physical interactions among friends and individuals. The convenience of technology with human interaction is one which is widely used by friends and family members. The interactions include convenience of giving information, planning schedules and getting to know what individuals are doing. Using technology as a form of human interaction has become more convenient than meeting with individuals physically. Remote connections, meeting individuals that normally wouldn’t occur and having continuous updates are some of the changes which are now expected from technology. This has become a substitute for human interaction and makes it more convenient to keep in touch with others through various portals. Everything from mobile technology to social media portals, such as Facebook, provides more interactions that take place remotely and which are easier to be a part of. The limitations of technology, as well as the ease of connecting to others, have been developed because of the main goals of connecting online.

Imagine that you are participating in a professional conference, and Essay

Imagine that you are participating in a professional conference, and your role is to offer commentary on three papers that examine early modern Europe and make claims about religion and violence - Essay Example By the beginning of 16th century, the medieval church and all it represented ventured into a period comprised of profound crisis. At this time, the church was approximately fifteen centuries old. Most of the church history comprised of continuous confrontation of problems from within its organization and from without. However, by 1500, these problems rose to the surface and made the church shake at its very foundation. Political philosophers had rejected the idea presented by the claiming that popes were superior to kings. These disagreements acted as major contributors of religious wars and violence in early modern Europe (Whitford 345). According to theorists like Karl Marx, there was no need to reform the church since his secular theory based on the notion that religion and faith were nothing more than cement that held society together. Another way in which religious fanaticism led to insurgence of violence and religious wars in early modern Europe is by allowing local church bishops control all of the bankers, merchants, and artisan economic and commercial activities. When philosophers describe modern Europe, in this instance, they talk about France, Italy, England, Spain, Scandinavia, Germany, and the Low Countries. These business people from Europe’s largest cities conflicted with the local church bishops who controlled business activities, an idea that the former resented. Merchants, bankers, and artisans believed that they would have more money and power if only the church could cease controlling their money making and producing business (Greyez 187). Even capitalism had not yet infiltrated into Europe, it is evident that there was development of secular concept of acquisition and work. Additionally, fanaticism facilitated the endemic upsurge of religious violence and wars in that, in the 16th century, there were numerous reformers who criticized the church openly for its

Outline and Speech Essay Example for Free

Outline and Speech Essay My life before becoming a non-traditional student was very typical and average. At 34, I was a mother of two kids and was trying to juggle between my family and work life. I did not have a particularly hard time between the two and even felt dissatisfied about my professional life. I had been working as a salon manager for about 15 years and I was also into retail management at that time. For some people, this can be regarded as a big achievement. However, I was not contented at all and it got to the point where I felt that I had already reached the end. There was no room for growth and there were not much opportunity to make more money, which I needed to support my family. I toyed with the idea of going back to school for a very long time. I felt that my life was too complicated for me to go back. I had a family with two children to think about and it is important for me to not miss any quality time with them. Although I knew that there were many other non-traditional students out there and that the idea of going back to school is not new anymore, I still had my doubts and I thought of my decision for quite some time. I did think about the advantages for me and the negative effects it would bring mainly to my family. I also had questions regarding the cost of receiving a degree, as well as the financial aid options that are available for me. I was also very conscious of the fact that this generation is very different from what I knew when I was still in school. Young people nowadays are very liberated and have many bright ideas, which would help them excel in their fields. As for me, I was this middle-aged woman trying to fit in in this new world. See more: what is essay format However, this feeling did not last long because I discovered that I was not the only non-traditional student in the school and that the school is very accommodating to students like us. The younger students are liberated but this fact also helped because they are more open to things like non-traditional students. The most important factor that led to my decision of going back to school was my thirst for more and for better things for my family. I had my second daughter in December of 2005 and I was able to take an extended leave of one year after that pregnancy. When I went back to work, I felt something different. I had manager hours, which is very convenient for me and the pay was not that bad either. However, I was bursting with so much drive, ambition, and motivation and I felt that I had so much more to offer than just become a salon manager all my life. In 2007, after 15 years of working, I finally had the courage to leave my job and go back to school. To say that I was nervous is an understatement. I was giddy, excited, and scared all at the same time. I did not know what to expect after 16 years of being out of school. Sure, I can read about the latest news on the Internet and even see some of what is going on but experiencing it first-hand is very different. Still, the thing that made me survive and take it all in was the fact that this decision while it can affect my family, it will ultimately be beneficial for me and nobody else’s. I was doing it for me because I wanted to achieve greater things in life. I have a very busy life as a non-traditional student at this time. I am now in my third semester here at NSU and I believe that I am doing great in terms of school work. Contrary to what I feared before, I have no problems handling my personal and family life. Both of my kids are very active socially and academically and I make sure that I still have the time to guide them with their activities. After finishing my courses, I believe that I will be better equipped and prepared to take greater responsibilities. I would be more confident that my career path would not be a dead-end like before. I would therefore like to state that this decision of becoming a non-traditional student has proved to be beneficial to me and to the people around me.

John Steinbecks East of Eden: Modern Biblical Story of Cain and Abel E

John Steinbeck's East of Eden: Modern Biblical Story of Cain and Abel " And Cain talked with Abel his brother: and it came to pass, when they were in the field, that Cain rose up against Abel his brother and slew him. And the Lord said unto Cain, ' Where is Abel thy brother?' And he said, ' I know not. Am I my brother's keeper?' And he said, ' What hast thou done? The voice of thy brother's blood crieth unto me from the ground. And now thou art cursed from the earth, which hath opened her mouth to receive thy brother's blood from thy hand. When thou tillest the ground it shall not henceforth yield unto thee her strength; a fugitive and vagabond shalt thou be in the earth.' And Cain said unto the Lord, ' My punishment is greater than I can bear. Behold, thou hast driven me out this day from the face of the earth, and from thy face shall I be hid. And I shall be a fugitive and a vagabond in the earth" (Genesis 4:8-1, KJV). The story of Cain and Abel is probably one of the most violent and unsettling stories of the Bible. It is probably the most unsettling because it tells the truth about mankind. Rejection is the one thing that all of mankind fears, and when one is rejected anger follows. With anger comes the need to commit a crime of revenge, and with this crime comes guilt. Almost everyone has experienced this in some way. East of Eden (1952) by John Steinbeck is a modern retelling of the biblical tragedy of Cain and Abel. The story is reenacted through the lives of two generations of the Trask family. Cyrus Trask, the patriarch of the family and his two sons Adam and Charles live on a farm in Conneticut. Charles cries out in anguish for his father's love, but his father ignores his cries and loves Adam best... ...il and do goodness. John Steinbeck writes, " We have only one story. All novels, all poetry, are built on the never-ending contest in ourselves of good and evil. And it occurs to me that evil must constantly respawn, while good, is immortal. Vice has always a new fresh young face, while virtue is venerable as nothing else in the world is" (415). In East of Eden, John Steinbeck creates this world of good and evil. All of the characters are faced with good and evil, and only one is able to triumph over evil. Cal is the representation of what everyone can be. It is possible for everyone to overcome evil if he or she decides to destroy the evil within his or her soul. WORKS CITED Steinbeck, John. Penguin Twentieth-Century Classics: East of Eden. New York: Penguin Books USA Inc., 1992. The Bible. King James Version. World Bible Publishers, Inc.

Ben & Jerrys Ice Cream Essay -- essays research papers fc

Ben and Jerry’s Ben and Jerry’s ice cream and the amazing success the company has experience over the years could be loosely summed up as a story that began with two friends coming together with a vision to create a company that did not adhere to the traditional corporate rules of running a business. They both had certain ideals and a socially and economic responsible opinion on how a capitalist business should be run. There are a lot of similarities in the way this company is run and operated when compared to South West Airlines. They are of course offering two different things to there customers, South West providing a service where Ben and Jerry’s are providing a product but the way that they go about there daily business in the spirit of treating people a certain way, and setting out to complete a different kind of vision then say a more traditional company would is very similar. Jerry Greenfield and Ben Cohen where both born in New York in 1951. On Merrick, Long Island Jerry and Ben first met one another in junior high school. Jerry graduated from high school with a national merit scholarship and enrolled at Oberlin College in Ohio to study pre-med. While studying there Jerry got his first experience working in the ice cream industry when he hired by the his schools cafeteria as an ice cream scooper. After graduating from college Jerry applied to medical school but did not accepted. He worked as a lab technician back in New York where he moved in with Jerry in a small apartment on East 10th St. In 1976 Ben and Jerry relocated to Saratoga Springs, New York. Where they both decided to pursue their dream of starting a food business together. They decided to go with ice cream and began researching the industry. They both enrolled in a five dollar correspondence course in ice cream making at Penn State and soon after they set up their first Ben & Jerryâ€℠¢s ice cream parlor in Burlington Vermont.(1) Like Ben and Jerry’s South West to began with two friends coming together with a vision. Rollin King and herb Kellher where talking one evening complaining about the high fares for short airline commutes between Dallas, San Antonio, and Houston, and Rollin King said to Herb "let’s start an airline." However it was not that easy for South West Airlines to get off the ground. They had many legal battles from the major airlines companies at the time to ... ... a dynasty on this planet has yet to live forever. There is documentation of empires and governments that have fallen, and the reason behind them failing is always, for the most part, the will of the people in action. Corporations have established themselves as the corner stones of our modern society that we live in today. New ways of thinking are the best approach to avoid making mistakes that have been made in the past. Ben and Jerry’s have been known for there unprecedented rate of giving to charitable organizations in the corporate world, a full 7.5% of its pretax profits(4) as compared to the average American corporation of one percent.(2) Works Cited (1) www.benandjerrys.com (2) Article; Joel Makower Business For Social Responsibility, Beyond the bottom Line.(1994) http://www.findarticles.com/ (3) Daniel Kadlec, The New World of Corporate Giving, (May 5, 1997) www.time.com/time/magazine/1997/dom/970505/business.the_new_world.html (4) The Ben & Jerry's Foundation, Foundation Guidelines, www.benjerry.com/foundation/index.html (5) Murray Raphel, What's the Scoop on Ben & Jerry, DIRECT MARKETING MAGAZINE (1994) http://www.findarticles.com/

Wage vs Salary

Introduction: Wage and salary are the two important elements for designing compensation package for any organization. Often, we mistake considering the wage and salary as synonymous. But there are some substantial differences between them. In order to get higher productivity, it is much more important to know the different between wage and salary. Before comparison, try to penetrate the insights of them. Wage: Wages are generally paid per hour. This means that you have to be present and working in order to get paid. Most of the time, wage jobs are not as inclusive when it comes to things like paid vacations, or paid sick days. Wage earners often have to give up pay for leaving early, coming in late, missing a day, or taking a vacation. Historically, we often refer to manual labor jobs as wage jobs, and positions. Wage earners are more likely to be found in positions with high turnover, while salaries are often assigned for positions with low turnover Wages are more likely to be added up into additional payments. If you work 50 hours in one week, you may receive your first 40 hours at the regular pay rate, and the additional 10 hours at 1 Â ½ times your normal pay rate. Depending on the structure and traditions of different economies around the world, wage rates are either the product of market forces (supply and demand), as is common in the United States, or wage rates may be influenced by other factors such as tradition, social structure and seniority, as in Japan. Salary: A salary is an amount paid for a particular job, regardless of hours worked, in a package payment system. Salary refers to how much you get paid every year. Salary earners rarely have to punch a time clock, or keep an accurate account of their hours, because they get paid for performance rather than by the hour. Salaried workers are much more likely to have paid sick days and paid vacations, and are not docked pay for being late or leaving early from time to time. Salary can also be counted in terms other than money. Some companies consider reimbursement for things like medical insurance as part of your salary. You can even find some companies blending education and retirement contributions as part of your salary package. Professional jobs are salaried jobs and it has low turnover compare to wage jobs. It might include a base salary, pension, fringe benefit, bonuses, stock options and so on.

Christmas Carol Essay

   But overall when it comes to the characters in the story, it would have been for the older audience, mainly because, many of the characters aren’t suitable for children, fortunatley the media and industry have transformed the original characters into the more child friendly characters which can be seen in the modern films of a Christmas carol. The gothic genre of stories was favored in the Victorian era so Dickens tried to add some of his gothic conventions to his novella. At the time, children and adults loved the gothic genre so the novella was then most likely to be suitable for all ages. Dickens places in a Christmas carol some of the basic conventions of a gothic story such as the several ghosts and the mystery and suspense in the atmosphere with the ghost of Christmas future. He also sets the first chapter of Marley’s ghost in his old, dark and gloomy home, the atmosphere becomes mysterious at the time with the constant sound heard and supernatural event, like When Marley appears in his room. There are also many more of these gothic conventions used like the mysterious weather, the rain makes creates a more gothic atmosphere, also with the ghost of Christmas future and a very important convention used in many gothic movies and books, justice-it is present in the novella, like how Scrooge’s actions means that if any positive change is not present in him he could suffer from a hellish afterlife and how tiny Tim would die without his help. And I think that the final convention of the gothic which is present in the story is the idea of Scrooge’ heroine in distress, this creates even more tension into the story. In the novella, many different themes are used , for example, coldness and darkness in the first chapter, then once the ghost of Christmas past arrives and takes scrooge to places like Fizziwigg’s home, a theme of happiness is placed to calm the audience and allow their minds to escape from total darkness and to lighten up the story, this method is also commonly used in many gothic stories, basically something scary happens and the audience experience a very intense atmosphere, this intensity is then relieved from the audience by the next scene being a bit brighter or happier. After the Fizziwigg party, the atmosphere becomes saddened and brings the audience back the gloom of the story. And after that the main themes involved in the upcoming chapters happiness with the kind hearted ghost of Christmas present, misery and happiness with Scrooge’s life before and after him changing into a business obsessed old man, life and death with Tiny Tim, darkness with the ghost of Christmas future and not to mention redemption with involving Scrooge and the Ghosts, and finishes the story off with a happy ending with the much kinder Ebenezer Scrooge. The happy theme at the end of the novella also makes the story more suitable for children as most children stories include happy endings. A Christmas Carol has changed its audience since the story was published, it was initially written for the rich, and to be specific adults, but over time it has been slowly transformed into something many children will be interested in watching, a family classic which is usually enjoyed many Christmas’. During this time, the characters have been changed to suit the audience and to allow them to appeal to a children as well as adults, for example, the ghosts have become less gothic, like the ghost of Christmas future and other characters in comparison to the first book or film. My opinion about the audience for a Christmas carol is that it was initially targeted at families; I think this mainly because children would love to have a gothic twist to their Christmas classic and not completely a children’s movie so the adults can enjoy it too. To conclude to my essay I personally think that the book was initially written to be suitable for all ages, it is more of a family story, especially considering at the time that all age groups loved gothic stories, both children and adults, making it enjoyable for them both. But at the same time some scenes of the novella may be unsuitable for younger children, especially the scene involving the ghost of Christmas past. Choose either one of the last two.

Theory X, Theory Y

Theory X, Theory Y by Douglas McGregor is a motivation theory. Douglas McGregor is a social psychologist and applied two sets of assumptions to the organizational structure called Theory X and Theory Y. His theory is based on managerial views of human beings. In his book, The Human Side of Enterprise, he outlined a new role for managers. He stated that managers should assist subordinates in reaching their full potential, rather than commanding and controlling. Theory X is negative and Theory Y can be stated as the opposite, positive. Douglas concluded that managers shaped their behavior towards workers based on either the X or Y views.Theory X presumes that average employees dislike work, are lazy, dislike responsibility, and must be coerced to perform. (text book citation pg 177) Theory X is focused on an authoritarian management style. Rewards and punishments are assumed to be the key to employee productivity. Employees have little to offer in terms of organizational problem solvin g. Under Theory X employees need to be controlled and threatened to get them working. Employees work for money and security only. According to theory X, appraisals and promotions occur on a regular basis.This view is based on that employees merely satisfy their lower-level physical needs and could not hope to be as productive. Theory Y supposes that employees like work, are creative, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction (text book citation pg 177). Theory Y is focused on a participative management style. The managers would take suggestions from workers. These type of managers relate to Theory Y employees and try to share ideas on how the work should be carried out and how it should be improved. The manager values the workers opinion. This type of leadership leads to high motivation.Theory Y assumes that there is an opportunity to align personal goals with organizational goals by using peoples own ambition for self fulfillment. Individuals go to work of their own acco rd, because work is the only way in which they have a chance of satisfying their need for achievement and self-respect. Effort in work is as natural as rest and play. Employees under Theory Y are motivated by many different factors apart from money. The most important reward is satisfaction of their ego needs. What is the relevance of this topic to the study of organizational behavior?The relevance of this topic to the study of organizational behavior is that every employee has some hierarchy of needs and alerting managers’ actions and views accordingly will lead to more motivated workers in an organization. Organizational behavior is the study of what people do in an organization and how their behavior affects the organization’s performance. (text book citation. Pg 11) Organizational behavior works towards improving the organization’s effectiveness and to establish an improvement and organizational change so that employees will be more productive and happy.In t urn those organizations will be more effective and efficient in achieving their goals through their employees. Theory X and Theory Y stated that employees can either be motivated by strict direction or allowed to work freely. Either one of these two theories would maximize an employee’s job motivation and would produce happy employees working towards the organizations goals. â€Å"The effectiveness of organizations could be at least doubled if managers could discover how to tap into the unrealized potential present in their workforces. (book citation) What are the strengths and weaknesses of the theory or idea? There are both strengths and weaknesses in Douglas McGregor’s, Theory X and Theory Y. Some of the strengths of Theory X and Theory Y are that it exposes the endless possibilities for creating opportunities for people to obtain personal satisfaction, knowledge, achievement, challenge, prestige, and other rewards through work. This theory offers opportunities for human resource development involvement in team-building sessions and management development.Douglas’s theory also offers those in supervisory positions a chance to gain some self-knowledge thus acquiring some insight in their managerial skills. Theory X and Y call for managers to examine their assumptions about human nature and see how these models lead to managerial practices. These assumptions will be reflected in management attitudes toward employees, the kind and amount of participation they allow, and the outcomes they expect. The strength of McGregor’s theory is its significance. When McGregor formulated his theory, companies competed on their ability to mass produce goods.Today, however, paying attention to the human aspect is a requirement if any organization. Without a powerfully motivated, highly skilled, self-reliant human resource, organizations do not stand a chance to survive, much less compete. McGregor’s theory provides the solution to problems related to the human aspect of an organization. Some of the weaknesses in McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y theory are that there is only so much money that can be offered as motivation and only so much control that can be applied. People change and so do motivators. McGregor states that a satisfied need no longer motivates.This theory has no evidence to support Theory X or Theory Y. There’s no validity in the assumption that managers who modify their actions or behaviors will lead to more motivated workers (textbook citation p177). It is part of the manager's job to exercise control and influence, and there are situations in which this is the only method of achieving the desired results because subordinates do not agree that the ends are desirable. What does the research say about the theory? Has it been supported by research? Cite the relevant research, and explain what it shows.Studies in relation to the application and observations of McGregor’s Theory X and Y views of managerial behavior and employee outcomes have been conducted and have shed some additional light on this topic. McGregor’s research has also been questioned for its practicality and usefulness. For instance, in Kopelman, Prottas, and Davis journal in the Journal of Managerial Issues (2008 (2) 255-271) they state that â€Å"the paucity of substantive research on the effects of Theory Y managerial assumptions/attitudes may be attributed to the absence of a construct valid measure that is freely available to researchers.How can McGregor’s theory be tested if the focal construct has essentially gone unmeasured? (p. 2697) McGregor’s theorizing about the effects of managerial assumptions has not been rigorously examined. (p. 269) . A construct-valid measure of the central concept was developed, as a critical first step in assessing the substantive validity of McGregor’s theorizing. During this research, a survey was given to undergraduate and gradu ate students in business. The survey consisted of four principal section s measuring Theory X and Theory Y attitudes and behaviors, faith in people, fast food opinions, and items relating to leisure time activities.The reasoning behind the survey was that Theory X/Y attitudes and assumptions would be closely related to Theory X/Y behaviors and that Theory X/Y attitudes and behaviors would be positively but distally related to generalized faith in people. The end results of the survey concluded that in order to construct validity of a measure should precede substantive research. Summarizing the research done by Kopelman, Prottas and Davis it was stated that theory Y attitudes, such as participative leadership should not be viewed as proxies for measuring managerial attitudes.Theory Y pertains to an individual difference variable reflecting assumptions about people at work-it is not a specific set of recommended management practices. (p. 267) In Kermally’s Book (p. 39) it state s that State you cannot and should not apply one set of assumptions to fit all situations. Again, the focus should be on individual differences and needs. There are groups of workers who would like to be directed and who are not keen on taking responsibility. Such workers would perform better under ‘autocratic managers’. According to the Harvard Business Review (p. 8) we need further investigation of what personality characteristics fit various tasks and organizations. The theory of motivation and organization will have to take account of the contingent relationship between task, organization, and people. Kermally, S. (2005). CHAPTER FIVE: Douglas McGregor (1906-1964). (pp. 35-41). Thorogood Publishing Ltd. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database. Morse, J. , ; Lorsch, J. (1970). Beyond Theory Y. Harvard Business Review, 48(3), 61. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database.

What is the significance of the dates 1453 and 1763 to the emergence Essay

What is the significance of the dates 1453 and 1763 to the emergence of modern Europe - Essay Example With the introduction of Gun powder, traditional protocols of one-on-one combats were confined to the past. This made the whole enterprise of war more mechanical than ever before. The demise of Constantinople and the simultaneous rise of the Ottoman Empire are also significant from a theological point of view. For the first time in European history, a Christian kingdom was overwhelmed by an Islamic one. The relevance of this event to the modern day Europe is quite obvious, as most scholars acknowledge â€Å"the clash of civilizations† today – a famous thesis of Professor Samuel Huntington. Hence, it is not an exaggeration to state that the reverberations of this clash of two radically different cultures are still felt in modern Europe. By 1453, the Byzantine kingdom was reduced to a small and weak entity that extended little beyond the city of Constantinople. But, in spite of their modest stature, the Byzantines antagonized most of their neighbours. To their disadvantage, â€Å"the Roman and Orthodox churches had mutually excommunicated one another in 1054, and although there had been a formal Bull of Union in 1439 there was still enmity between the two wings of the church. Constantines efforts to paint the plight of Constantinople as the plight of Christendom all but failed†1. As mentioned before, after 1453 Islam had entered the erstwhile Christianity dominated European kingdoms. If modern day Europe is seen as a culturally diverse continent, then the conditions for this outcome were set in the centuries following 1453 when the Ottoman Empire attained its peak. The flourishing of the Ottoman Empire was not just confined to military success. This period also saw the rise of Islamic art and architecture that would have a major influence in modern European art and architecture as well. Another legacy of the reign of the Sultans can be seen in the social and infrastructural organization of certain modern European cities. The

International trade Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International trade - Assignment Example The relatively smaller enterprises are concentrated in Baden-Wurttemberg as well as in Bavaria. The production of mechanical machineries has achieved a pivotal importance in the economy of Germany. In the second half 1990s the sector of mechanical machineries experienced slow growth. However accelerated globalization has contributed much to the success of mechanical machineries production. The employment record is best for Germany among the EU member states. The economic performance also improved significantly. The wage modernization process provided competitive advantage to the industries. The advantage of wage modernization and still productivity of labor coupled to improve the economic performance. The mechanical machineries sector is a well diversified sector. The subsector of machine tools also gained importance. Over the past decade specialization is on the process. The subsectors are closely linked with the automobile industry and gained the attention of the European Union. Th e â€Å"engines and turbine† manufacturing is one such industry that has achieved much importance. The share of contribution of this sector is volatile and it is difficult to get any clear trend from the analysis of the sector. The country offers excellent research conditions for the development of technical machineries. But one challenge that the German companies have to deal with is that of high wages as well as some structural change (Vieweg, 2012). International Trade between Germany and Canada The exchange of capital goods as well as services across the international borders is regarded as International Trade. A significant portion of Gross Domestic Product is contributed by trade. In recent centuries the significance of international trade has gained much importance in economic, social as well as political terms (UN/DESA World Economic Vulnerability Monitor, 2012). The determinants or the evolution of the patterns of trade is not incorporated in the formal models of mac roeconomic dynamics. The models generally take into account the patterns of international trade and the structure of the markets along with the factors of production. Germany is a significant partner in trade for Canada. The bilateral merchandise trade of Canada with Germany accounted to more than 14 billion dollars in 2009. In the same year Germany was the second largest destination for export for Canada among the European Union. The decade of 1998 to 2008 the amount of imports from Germany doubled. The exports of Canada to Germany comprised mostly of manufactured goods. The manufactured goods amounted to 60% of the total exports for the year 2009. The exports of Aircraft witnessed the upward rising curve since 2004 at an average of 55%. The exports of cars and car accessories combined to make up 23% of Canadian imports from Germany in 2009. The trade of resource based goods between the countries is more or less evenly balanced. Germany offers services to Canada. In the year 2007, commercial services formed the major part of exports of services. The figure below shows the data on trade of merchandises. (Holden, 2010). The following figure shows data on major exports to Germany from Canada. (Holden, 2010). The following figure shows trade data category-wise. (Holden, 2010). Socio economic indicators of Germany The socio economic development of a country is measured using the rates of GDP, levels of employment as well as with rates of literacy. The invention f new technologies and

Audit Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Audit - Case Study Example The auditor should consider whether to acknowledge the commitment since inherent risk increases the generally risk of the audit. It is often beneficial to set aside transactions into three types- routine, non-routine, and evaluation when valuing inherent risk.   Little Digger’s auditors may not use the system that gives the precise outcome to them, the result is mainly inherited by the risk factors as this system is applied to just a small section of the population as opposed to the whole population. This is prone to the misstatement that is said to be the inherent risk. The term inherent risk is applied in auditing and accounting, if there is higher likelihood of material misstatement within the  financial statement, the inherent risk is considered high .It is also used for the misstatement of the business that is there in the financial statement. If the auditors will not lookout at these inherent perils, there would be more inaccuracies in the financial statement, which certainly will lead the organization to the incorrect direction, and consequently the financial statement will not be presenting accurate and just outlook. The auditors had to come up with ways of making an error free or inherent risk free financial statement in order to make their company move in the precise direction by formulating correct assessments .As per the auditor’s opinion, inherent risk improves the auditor's peril as the inherent risk is an element of it. It is therefore essential to minimize the inherent risk in order to diminish the auditor’s risk. Because of this, the auditors can make improper decisions because the proof to back such view will be false.   Detection risk Detection risk is essentially the risk that the measures applied by the auditors will fail to identify material misstatements in the financial accounts. Auditors in Little Diggers Ltd have to ensure accuracy and efficiency in the business with regard to the asset management, transactio ns, and their documentation in the monetary accounts. Besides this, the auditors look for various methods that aid them in measuring future risks that may affect their business. Auditors use a variety of methods to measure the risk, mainly the  risk due to material misstatement Detection risk is allied to other relations i.e. the trade risk, material misstatement risk and its two major elements, which are the control risk and the inherent risk in general. If the material misstatement risk rises, it will lower the detection risk hence the auditors risk increases. The material risk increases when its essentials; control risk and inherent risk increase. The correlation of the risks will assist the administration and the auditors to try such diverse useful ways that will help reduce on risk levels. Control risk Control risk is the likelihood that a material misstatement exists in an allegation since either that misstatement was not barred from entering entity’s economic stateme nts or it was not identified and approved by the internal control system of the unit. It is the duty of the organization and those responsible with authority to execute internal control system and uphold it properly. However if internal control system is discovering and correcting misstatements then inherent harms will creep in

Google Documents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Google Documents - Essay Example It eliminates the need to e-mail documents to share with others and it can also be edited online by the shared users of the documents. The secured Google’s server is another great advantage of using the application and storing data without any worry of losing data due to hard disc crash or from virus attack (Electronic Portfolios, 2011). How to do things In order to use Google Documents the user need to have a Google Account. After logging into the system the user will be able to see the documents as show in the figure given below: Figure 1: Google Documents Window (Source: Mackenty, n.d. p. 2) The user will be able to create new documents; new spreadsheets and can also upload files from their own computer to the web database. Google docs are saved with tags which help to sort documents whenever needed by the user. Use of Google Documents Google Docs application can be used by any people ranging from students, coworkers or even for personal use like tracking daily works. Stude nts can use it to work in a collaborative manner for group projects. Teachers can use the application for keeping track of the grades and attendance or any data (Electronic Portfolios, 2011). Coworkers in an organization can use to share documents amongst themselves.

Nursing Shortage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Nursing Shortage - Research Paper Example The nurses are decreasing in number in many countries of the world, and the number of people suffering from different diseases is increasing. A few nurses who are ready to assist people for many reasons and shortage of nurses are creating many impacts on patients as well as the healthcare industry. In general, the aim of the study was to find the impact on the shortage of the nurses in the healthcare industry concerning the quality of the service the nurses provide in comparison to the previous times when the nursing shortage was not a problem. From the findings of the research one gets to interpret that, the working nurses are under pressure due to the shortage of nurses in the hospital. Moreover, there are signs of lack job satisfaction from the premises since they have considered finding better paying jobs in the country. The facility on the other hand has not made any amends to the looming danger of losing nurses hence they lacked initiative to make the nurses stay. There is no retention plan in the hospital that can curb the prevailing trend of nurse loss in the facility. More so, the synchrony in the facility is out of line making the care vulnerable to mistakes. This implies there is little accuracy in the service rendering in the facility. The fatigue the nurses are experiencing in the hospital with little coordination from the administration leads to more trouble since the lack of direction make the daily activities in the hospital collide causing chaos in the service. However, the nurses have tried to curb the ob stacles through a series of teamwork and perseverance. The environment of the hospital is not having a good environment for the hospitals reputation in terms of the administrations mandate in the hospital. The environment may not portray the hospital in the good light citing the frustrated staff that can snap and utter inappropriate message to the stakeholders costing the hospital

Assessment of Patients Perceptions Essay Example for Free

Assessment of Patients Perceptions Essay Caring has been widely discussed in the health care professions, especially in nursing which is considered to be one of the caring professions (Boykin and Schoenhofer 2001). Watson (1985) describes caring as a moral ideal of nursing. According to Watson, caring preserves human dignity in cure dominated health care systems and becomes a standard by which cure is measured (Watson 1988c, p. 177). Research literature indicates that the assessment of quality of care from the patient’s perspective has been operationalised as patient satisfaction (Dufrene 2000). Nurse caring has been related to patient satisfaction in western literature (Wolf et al 2003; Wolf et al 1998; Forbes and Brown 1995; Boyle et al 1989). There are so many factors that influence patients’ perceptions of care given by the opposite sex. Some of these are: Age, ethnicity, gender, socio-economic and health status. The most consistent finding has been related to age. Older patients tend to be more satisfied with their health care. Studies that have looked at ethnicity have generally held that being a member of a minority group is associated with lower rates of satisfaction. Studies on the effect of gender show that women tend to be less satisfied and other studies show the opposite. Most studies have found that individuals of lower socio-economic status and less education tend to be less satisfied with their health care. Other studies have shown that poorer satisfaction with care is associated with experiencing worry, depression, fear or hopelessness, as is having a psychiatric diagnosis such as schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder or drug abuse. Health status can greatly influence satisfaction of an individual (Hall, 1990). It is important to examine the relationships of nurse caring to patient satisfaction in Cape Coast because of severe staff shortages, heavy workload, and low salaries in Cape Coast Hospitals. Nursing literature had long recognized importance of these perceptions as major factors militating against prompt and effective service delivery in the care environment. One of the critical roles and ethics of the nurse is to treat all patients irrespective of their gender, colour, creed, political inclination and religious affiliations. High quality nurse-client communication is the backbone of the art and science of nursing. It has a significant impact on patient well-being as well as the quality and outcome of nursing care, and is related to patients’ overall satisfaction with their care. The maintenance of high nurse patient communication also depends on the nurse and patient. The quality of care in a hospital has been shown to be influenced by several factors including: inadequate nursing staff, lack of regular water supply on wards, too much nursing documentation, too long waiting time, and lack of specialized nurses. In Ghana, there is crisis in nurse-client communication evidence from four sources. These are personal observation, anecdotes from client and their families, media reports, and official health reports. Although there is ample evidence to demonstrate that most nurses are females, one cannot discount the enormous services that male nurses provide irrespective of their gender. The ever increasing number of female nurses compared to male nurses in our wards, coupled with patient dissatisfaction toward treatment received has raised a lot of questions as to whether there is a perceived idea that male nurses offer better care or otherwise. With the introduction of Health Insurance a few years ago, more patients report to the hospital and are also consciously aware of their rights and responsibilities as patients and hence will demand for better service delivery from care givers. Recently, patient dissatisfaction has been on the ascendancy in several hospitals across Ghana including University of Cape Coast Hospital. This has raised a lot of concerns about the perceptions patients have regarding the care given by male nurses.

Human Resourcing Planning in Global Brand

Human Resourcing Planning in Global Brand Introduction The report on Human Resource Planning focuses on the HR plan followed by one of the leaders in global IT services, the Wipro.The Company has booked itself a decent position in the niche market category of consumer goods, business process outsourcing services, product engineering services and illuminating solutions. The report tries to analyze the importance of a well structured human resource planning system in a multinational company like the Wipro.The need for a carefully constructed legal and organizational framework for the employment of staff, and the need for a very effective grievances system has been closely studied in this report. A sincere attempt has been put in to identify and understand the detailed recruitment process of staff. Wipro provides an ideal platform for organizations seeking IT solutions because of its strong human resources, superior performances and sincere commitment towards quality ensurement.It provides business and technology consultations services to a number of organizations worldwide. About the company Wipro stands for Western India vegetable Products ltd.It began its operations in 1945 as a vegetable oil manufacturer in Amalner,India.The company has its equity shares listed in India(both in National Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange)and also in US(New York stock exchange) . Wipro has its services spread over wide horizon of activities. Some of which are manufacturing, media, healthcare, telecom, transportation, aerospace, automotive, communication, energy, pharmaceuticals, financial and banking services, insurance, and technology. It has over 800 plus clients and about one lakh associates from 70 different nations. It maintains more than seventy two outlets and employs ninety six thousand people over fifty five nations. Wipro is the third largest R D service provider in the world. It keeps track of all the latest developments in the technological field. It believes that such latest technological innovations has an important bearing on the competitive strength of the concern.Wipro can be termed as a leading vendor of enterprise technology. It is because of its strong brand power that Wipro is now able to reach new heights. Need Importance of Human resource planning The term human resource embraces the entire workforce in an organization form the top level to the bottom level. Human resources are considered to be the most important asset of an organization. The success of every organization depends on the efficiency of its manpower. The increasing global competition, rising customer demands, shortage of skilled and able workers has all contributed towards increasing the relevance of human resources in this era (Webb, 1989). The HR department of every organization should learn how to manage the employee performances effectively. Human resources are the power house of any organization and it is very much essential to nurture them through proper planning and management. The problem is how to utilize and manage these resources to deliver maximum results. Human resource planning is an effective technique of empowering the people with competitive skills required for business management. It is a systematic process through which the need and availability of human resources for accomplishing the organizations strategic objectives are identified and assessed (Mathis Jackson, 2007). HR planning is concerned with determining whether the organization contains the right number of employees, with right skills and competencies in the right place at the right time. The HR plan should contain a detailed study of the skills, talents, knowledge, competency, experience and creativity of its employees. This informations forms the basis for taking optimum career decisions like promotions, de-promotions, dismissals and transfers. Apart from studying the capabilities of its own employees HR plan also assesses the external environment for meeting the labor supply requirements of the organization. It involves forecasting of future manpower requirements of the company and making necessary moves to fill in the vacancies. The HR strategies must be in consistent with the organizational objectives. In any organization it is essential to link the human resource plans with its business strategies and objectives (Rothwell Kazanas, 2003). The HR plans have great impact on the strategic plans of the company. The aim of HR practitioners is to coordinate and align their efforts with the strategic planners. The business objectives can be closely related with the HR objectives as HR is an important part of the organization. Easy attainment of goals is possible only though combined human effort. HRP at Wipro HRP tries to highlight the means through which people are appointed and developed to increase the organizations efficiency (Armstrong 2006).HR plans estimates the number and kind of employees that an organization would require to perform its jobs efficiently and effectively. Following are the important HRP goals in Wipro: Determining the future staffing needs . Accepting and adopting the changes in the internal and external environment. Optimum and efficient utilization of existing workforce. Systematic procedure for advancement of employees. The figure given below shows the HR planning process followed in Wipro Estimating manpower Required Recruitment process Development and training of Selected candidate Promotions and transfers Fixing of payment scale Here the HR planning system is broken down into different phases and arranged in the hierarchical order. Recruitment process Recruitment is the process of inviting applications from suitable candidates and selecting the best candidate from amongst them. The aim of recruitment is to create a pool of applications (Aswathappa 2005).It involves searching various sources to find suitable candidates and persuading them to apply for the jobs. Recruiting is the term applied to the phase of personal management that involves reaching out and attracting a supply of people from which to select qualified candidates for job vacancies. An effort is made to attract potential employees with the necessary characteristics for the jobs available (Megginson, 1981) So recruitment means to finding and encouraging prospective applicants to fill up the vacancies in the organization. Recruitment can be made within the organization or from external environment. There are two sources for recruitment: The external source and the internal source. The internal recruitment can be done through promotions, transfers, employee recommendations and references. Whereas the external means for recruitment includes advertisement, campus recruitments, employment exchanges and agencies. In wipro the recruitment process follows three important stages. They are:- Stage I Written test, Stage II- Personal interview, (Stage II consist of two parts) (i)Interview to test the technical skills (ii) Interview to test the HR knowledge. Stage III Placements Stage I Written test Here the applicants shall be required to undergo a written test. It shall include questions to test the aptitude of the candidates. Sometimes the applicants might have to face verbal questions too. Stage II Personal interview Technical interview comes first in stage II. Technical interview is conducted to assess thee basic technical knowledge. The elimination process starts from here. The applicants shall be selected to the next stage on the basis of the performance. The next is the HR interview. Here the interviewers shall include some general questions like asking the candidates to give a self assessment, asking about their ambitions, family background, their knowledge regarding the company etc. A group discussion may also be conducted to assess the communication skills and vocabulary of the candidates. The filtering process shall be completely depending on the individual performance of the candidates in the above stages. The final stage is the placement of employees. Placement implies accepting the selected candidate and placing him in the post for which he has been appointed. It is concerned with matching the selected candidates with the jobs. Once a candidate clears all the stages the Manager (HR) shall provide him with the employee code number. He/she has to agree upon the terms and conditions of appointment and shall submit their joining letter. After recruitment the newly elected candidate must have to undergo compulsory training, to make them well equipped and familiar with the organization. The talent transformation department of Wipro takes care for this. The following illustration shows in detail the recruitment process followed in Wipro:- Recruitment process Written test Technical Interview HR Interview Placement Personal Interview Measures taken by the company to promote employee welfare Wipro considers its human resource as one of their most priced asset and hence has taken every precaution to make sure that they retain their employees and strengthen their commitment. It has launched various welfare measures for its employees. Such as educational facility for their children, medical reimbursement, housing finance, recreational facilities, insurance policies and canteen facilities. Among these, promotional opportunities play a very important role in making employees happy. Promotion means advancement from the current post to a higher post. Promotions offer better status and payment to the employees in the concern. Opportunities for advancement shall be based on the performance of the employees. Understanding grievances of employees A well structured grievance system is essential for effective identification and redressal of employee grievance. Such an efficient grievance system is a must for ensuring employee satisfaction and better labor relationship (Durai, 2010).It is a prerequisite for every organization to ensure quality employee performance. According to Wagen (2007) a grievance process should consider the following aspects: The process must be duly agreed by everyone in the company. The process must be communicated in English. The procedure followed for filing the complaint must be unambiguous. An objective approach must be followed while dealing with the complainants. Confidentiality must be followed wherever it is necessary. The entire process must be clearly documented. The grievance procedure to be followed is stated below (Selwyn 2006):- i. The employee shall specify his grievance or complaint (in writing) and a copy of the sane shall be forwarded to his employer. ii. The employer shall call upon the employee to attend the meeting where the matter is going to be discussed. The employee has to ensure his attendance. Once the meeting concludes the employer shall inform the employee about his decision with regard to the grievance. The employer must inform the employee his right to make an appeal if he is not satisfied with the judgment. iii. The employee should communicate his intention of making an appeal to his employer. Accordingly the employer shall again call a meeting to discuss on this matter. The employee should take every effort to ensure his attendance. After the hearing the employer shall convey his final decision to the employee. Wipro maintains a very effective grievance system. The grievance process followed by the company contains all the necessary ingredients as discussed above. By following such a system the company is able to easily resolve employee conflict and maintain a peaceful environment. Disciplinary process in the company Discipline is an indispensable factor in human resource planning in a large organization like Wipro.Discipline ensures strict adherence to the procedures, plans and rules of the company. Absence of discipline can bring utter chaos and confusion within the organization.Wipro follows a strict and fair disciplinary system. Following are the important questions raised during the disciplinary procedure of the company: What acts of offence, violation, misconduct have been done by the individual? Did such act amount to breach of code of conduct? The impact of the offence. Is the offence in anyway related to the job performance of the employee? In case of minor offences the employees shall be given warnings or memos. But if such act of offence has affected the company in a grave manner the employee shall be dismissed immediately. Acts of deceit, willful suppression or destruction of important information, willfull negligence of duty, causing personal injury or accidents shall invite dismissal with immediate effect. The dismissal procedure includes: 1. Issuance of sufficient show cause notices 2. Providing an optimum opportunity to be heard 3. Ensuring the presence of the individual during the hearing 4. Permitting the employee to present witnesses 5. Hearing of the witness account 6. Recording of all the procedures and decisions taken in the meeting by the officer in charge 7. Announcement of the decision It should be noted that the presiding officer be impartial and fair in his decisions. IMPORTANCE OF EMPLOYEE WELFARE ORGANISATION What is ACAS? ACAS means Advisory Conciliation and Arbitration Service. It was established in the year 1975 under the Employment Protection Act. The purpose of ACAS is to ensure better working life and improve the labor relations. ACAS is directed towards solving of employee problems and raising their standard of performance by conducting quality education and training programs for them. ACAS plays three important roles in improving the employee relations (Currie 1997).They are:- 1. Advisory role: ACAS can be viewed as an advisory body as it offers advisory and consultation services to the organization and employees who feel that they have been overlooked or unfairly treated. Through the informations contained in the code of conduct issued by ACAS, it shows an organization the need to maintain a fair grievances and disciplinary system. Many organizations have adopted the principles of ACAS. 2. Role of Conciliation: Here ACAS tries to resolve employee conflicts before the issue reaches the hearing phase. The conciliation officer tries to guide and make both the parties understand the probable outcome of a tribunal. 3. Role of Arbitrator:-In common practice, the employee conflicts are solved within the organization. But the need for an arbitrator arises when the internal dialogues fail to settle the issue. Most of the organizations prefer ACAS to don the role of arbitrator. While acting under this role ACAS may appoint an arbitrator or even form an arbitration board. Such decisions shall be based on the complexity and relevance of the issue. ACAS codes and principles mainly stresses on the importance of maintaining discipline in the organization(Taylor, 2005).ACAS has set specific codes and procedures to be applied on the disciplinary system and dismissal process of the company. Following are the important points covered by the ACAS code in this respect:- Every company should maintain specific and systematic disciplinary procedures and these procedures must be kept with the company in the written form. The name and designation of the person authorized for taking disciplinary actions must be separately stated. The procedure must precisely state the grounds on which disciplinary actions shall be evoked against the defaulting employee or employer. The employee has to be informed about the complaint raised against him. And he should be provided with a reasonable opportunity of being heard. The company should have fair warning system. Proper warnings have to be raised whenever it is necessary .An opportunity must be given to the employees to correct their actions. Every employee has the right to appeal. The company should have a well structured complaint redressal committee before whom the employees shall appear. The employees have the right to representation. Any employee or member of the trade union can accompany the employee during the hearing. Hence ACAS plays a very important role in ensuring a fair and effective grievance and disciplinary system in an organization. Employment Tribunal The Employment tribunals were introduced in the year 1964 for the first time under the Industrial Training Act (Pettinger 1999). Employment tribunal is another important organization which plays a very important role in promoting employee welfare in the industry. They deal with safeguarding employee rights. The tribunal is empowered to give a fair trial to the employees who have been unfairly dismissed (Chandler, Waud 2003). If an employee is dismissed on the basis of any incorrect informations or if he has been denied the right to appeal then the employment tribunal (if the employee is able to prove his innocence) shall dismiss all the allegations against him. Person, persons or bodies like labor unions filing the case to the employment tribunal is termed applicants. And the other party (employer or the company) against whom the case has been filed is termed respondents. The applicants as well as the respondents have the right to present witnesses to their support. The tribunal may require each of the parties to produce necessary documents or evidences while conducting the trial. The decisions shall be taken on just and equitable basis. Two remedies are available to the employees who have been unfairly dismissed. One is to seek re-engagement and the other is to claim compensation. The employment tribunal has the power to issue orders for re-engagement and awarding compensation for the aggrieved employee. The tribunal has been setup to provide a platform for easy settlement of disputes between the employees and the employers (Pettinger 1999).In this manner employee tribunal tries to solve the grievance of employees in a very effective manner. It stresses on the fact that no employee shall be dismissed unless he has been given a reasonable opportunity to prove his innocence .The ultimate objective of the tribunal is to promote and protect employee welfare and rights through fair trials. Apart from the tribunal, the Trade Unions, welfare organizations formed by the employees themselves, government agencies set up under various statutes are in the continuous process of protecting the rights of employees and increasing their job satisfaction. They ensure that the employee grievances are met in a satisfactory manner and a fair and just disciplinary process is followed by the concern. SUMMARY The report on Human Resource Planning tries to highlight the importance of human resources and the need to effectively plan and manage the human resource in a large organization like the Wipro. Human resource planning is concerned with determining whether an organization has the right number of employees, in the right place at the right time. The report goes through the various phases of human resource plan followed by Wipro.The HRP goals of the organization have been clearly stated in the report. The various stages in the recruitment process of the company have been well explained with the support of a detailed illustration. The report also explains the importance of having a well planned and systematic grievance and disciplinary system in an organisation.The disciplinary process followed by the company has been studied in detail. The dismissal procedures have been clearly mentioned in the report. The report attempts to bring out the importance and impact of various employee welfare organizations like ACAS and the Employment tribunals. The principles and procedures specified by the ACAS and the tribunals must be considered while developing the grievance and disciplinary process. CONCLUSION On the basis of the report we arrive at the conclusion that Human Resource Planning is an indispensable part for any organization. An organization enjoys the following advantages of having a well built HR planning system. They are:- It helps in estimating future manpower requirements of the organization. Scarcity of employees An entity contains a number of jobs requiring highly specialized knowledge. And there is a shortage of skilled employees.HRp helps to identify such talents and ensures adequate supply of such talented employees thereby alleviating the problem of shortage in the organization. Trying to cope up with the changes With frequent changes and development in field of technology, market conditions etc, it demands more sophisticated operations. And an effective HRP tries to solve this problem by supplying the right person with right skills. Growth and development Employees leave the organization due to various reasons like death, retirement, dismissals, transfers etc, and it is necessary that these gaps have to be filled. Through proper HR planning such problems due to growth and development can be dealt effectively. It understands manpower requirements and takes suitable actions to supply the right kind of persons, considering the current business operations and future activities of the organization.