Hourly Nursing Rounds - 1014 Words

Running head: HOURLY ROUNDING DECREASE FALLS, CALL LIGHT USAGE Hourly Rounding Decrease Falls, Call Light Usage and Increase Patient Satisfaction Jacqueline Madison Grand Canyon University Introduction to Nursing Research NRS 433v Diana Nassar August 12, 2012 Hourly Rounding Decrease Falls, Call Light Usage and Increase Patient Satisfaction Hourly rounding is a continuing challenge for hospitals across the United States. What’s effective about this method is that it has brought some positive changes to some Health care facilities. There are three factors that have been constantly tested to improve patient care. These factors are: 1) fall rates 2) call light usage and 3) overall patient satisfaction.†¦show more content†¦However, if this patient was removed, the data would show a significant decrease in call usage. Also, there was no significant difference between the pre-intervention and the post-intervention phase for patient satisfaction, but there is subjective evidence from the hourly rounds of nursing leaders, like the nursing manager (NM), that patient satisfaction increased. There were certain limitations that affected the final results of the study. The sample size was too small of a number. Because of the small sample size, there was an outlier that impacted the study to a higher scale tha n if there was a larger sample. This outlier was the delirious patient, who had used the call button 187 times in a 6 day period. Another limitation was the lack of effort from the nursing staff in the experimental group to practice the hourly rounding protocol. This specifically affected the data for both the call light usage and fall rates. According to Olrich, Kalman, Nigolian, â€Å"technical difficulties with the call-light date collection system did not allow weekly data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ reports of falls were not received until almost 4 months into the rounding process† (Olrich, Kalman, Nigolian, p.26). In order to effectively make this strategy work, there have to be a 100% involvement and commitment from all nurses and staff. If this is executed appropriately and consistently, then hourly rounding would potentially decrease fall rates and call light usage and improveShow MoreRelatedEssay on Literature Review for Nursing Researh1357 Words   |  6 PagesProblem Des cription Hourly patient rounding, according to Neville, is a preset timing, usually every hour or every two hour, in which tasks are performed by nurses as a way to check in on the patients (Neville, 2012). The concept of hourly rounding by nurses is not new. Infact, it is a way nurses organize their work and address important issues as they go about their day. There are other types of rounding in the hospitals such as interdisciplinary rounds and medical rounds, but these are doneRead MoreNurses Hourly Rounding Response Time For Reducing Risk Of Falls Among Elderly Patients Essay1397 Words   |  6 Pages Does Nurses Hourly Rounding Response Time Help in Reducing The Risk of Falls Among Elderly Patients? Mireine Tankeu Shenandoah University N306: Theory, Reasoning, and Reseach in Nursing Lorena Jung, PhD, RN Pam Cangelosi, PhD, RN Does Nurses Hourly Rounding Response Time Help in Reducing the Risk of Falls Among Elderly Patients? Falls among elderly individuals have continued to be a major challenge for health care providers. Individuals hospitalized for falls incur a higher healthRead MoreA Brief Note On Hourly And Rounding And Patient Satisfaction1088 Words   |  5 Pages1 PICOT- Hourly Rounding and Patient Satisfaction PICOT- Hourly Rounding and Patient satisfaction Tamara Sheets NUR216 3/1/2017 ​The highest priority in most hospitals across America is patient satisfaction. Patient satisfaction begins the moment the patient steps in the hospital doors although nurses hold a majority of the responsibility. The face to face interactions between nurse and patient on a day to day basis naturally puts nurses at the front line. Nurses are thereRead MoreQi Plan Part 1 Essay1239 Words   |  5 Pagesimprovement. Research suggests that patient safety measures like hourly rounding by nursing personnel positively impacts patient fall rates, call light usage and overall patient satisfaction (Olrich et al., 2012, p. 25). Patients are likely to recover and thrive in an environment where they know that they are being acknowledged, monitored and their concerns are being addressed. Health care facilities that have instituted hourly rounding, where nursing staff (e.g. registered nurses, licensed practical/vocationalRead MoreThe Hourly Rounding Log For Patient Safety, Reduction Of Fall s, Increase Patient Satisfaction1531 Words   |  7 PagesThe hourly rounding log is designed in accordance with the hospital’s policies and procedures. A clinical committee is consulted in designing the documentation log to suit the needs of the patients and the staff. It is composed of four columns. The first column is the time period, the second is the actual time that the staff rounded the patient, the third is the staff’s initials who make the rounds, and the last one is for comments (any significant patient needs that were addressed or that patientRead MoreBuilding A Safer Healthcare System Essay1747 Words   |  7 Pagescare to be provided. One effort which can help support improvements in patient safety and quality of care is through hourly or intentional rounding on patients. This rounding practice amplifies the nurse-patient relationship, provides continuity of care, increased safety, and service excellence. Intentional rounding or rounding with a purpos e, can be a success, as long as nursing staff understand the full implications and the potential for positive outcomes, and take complete ownership of the roundingRead MorePatient Satisfaction And Safety Goals Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pagesto be provided. Hourly/Intentional rounding amplifies the nurse-patient relationship, continuity of care, safety, and service excellence. Intentional rounding or rounding with a purpose can be a success as long as nursing staff have a better understanding and take ownership of the practice. Leadership and nursing staff need to collectively cognize each other’s role pertaining to the delivery of care regarding this practice. The purpose of this piece is to delve into why hourly rounding is importantRead MoreDesign For Change Proposal : Implementing Hourly Rounding1487 Words   |  6 PagesDesign for Change Proposal: Implementing Hourly Rounding Improving patient safety and increasing patient satisfaction while in the hospital is an ongoing issue in hospitals. Developing a plan to make changes within hospitals is the first step in accomplishing this task. The design plan for change is to improve patient safety, decrease risk of falls and increase patient satisfaction by implementing intentional hourly rounding for older adult patients (over the age of 65) admitted to a 40 bed telemetryRead MoreReducing Risk Of Patient Harm From Falls1319 Words   |  6 Pagesspecific question that provides evidence for clinical decision-making. The population of this question includes patients on an orthopedic floor. The intervention is a fall prevention program; which would include hourly rounding, emphasizing to the patient you will be back in an hour to round, call light and personal items within reach, and asking the patient if there is anything else he or she needs and to also ensure he or she that the nurse or assistive personnel have time to fulfill their needsRead MoreHourly Rounding: Does It Really Make a Difference?1263 Words   |  6 PagesIdentification of broad, evidence-based practice topic Hourly rounding is something that has been around for a while. One of the first things we learned in nursing school was that you should check on your patient every hour or every 2 hours (depending on nursing aid assistance). I started my research by looking at what hourly rounding entails. From there I found the majority of articles that think hourly rounding really does affect patient care and only a few opinion articles that think the opposite

Case Study Warm Winter - 2003 Words

â€Å"WARM WINTER† Kyle LeJeune April 12, 2015 Rutgers University Agency Information (Background Capability) Since 2009, Coming Home of Middlesex County has worked tirelessly within and directly with the community creating a true system to end homelessness. Through funding from Middlesex County, NJ, The United Way and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, this organization has been able to establish a solid footing in combatting homelessness. As administrators of the Homeless Management Information System (HMIS) for the county, our agency restructured its system to a client-based, needs-based system of services. It is because of this, in conjunction with our agency’s coordination of the county’s Point-In-Time (PIT) survey that we have†¦show more content†¦Those collaborations along with our deep relationships with the community are what have made us such a strong organization. Our agency is striving to create self-sustaining environments for all the homeless individuals and families within Middlesex County. Our long-term goal is to eliminate homelessness altogether. Programs and Services: o Homeless case management provider to the County’s Homeless Hotline o Direct case management services to those entering the system through the 211 hotline o Provide limited funding for temporary placement o Limited financial assistance for permanent housing o Housing First Campaign Organizational Structure: Coming Home is comprised of 18 board members, 5 full-time employees: †¢ Eileen O’Donnell (Executive Director) - B.A in Psychology, Masters in Public Policy, J.D. from Rutgers School of Law, and is currently pursuing her M.S.W. †¢ Ruth Cruz (Case Manager for the Homeless Hotline)- B.A. in Sociology †¢ Bobbin Paskell (Assistant Director of Systems) - M.S.W., L.S.W. †¢ Meriam Shenoda (Executive Assistant/Fundraising Manager)- Bachelor’s in Commerce Accounting †¢ Christopher DeGiulio (Assistant Director of Programs) Also, 1-2 interns per college semester and 15 regular volunteers Need/Problem (Need, Goals, Objectives) While the process of accessing affordable housing is not an overnight process and moving into an

Symptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia - 1504 Words

Schizophrenia is a disorder that affects about 1% of the population at some point (Durand Barlow, 2016). Patients with schizophrenia have a less than average life expectancy due to the fact that they are more likely to be involved in accidents and suicide (Durand Barolow, 2016). In a case study, a man named Jim qualified for schizophrenia due to his very evident suffering from delusions and hallucinations. As such, it is important to develop a thorough recommendation treatments for Jim to ensure improvement. A potential treatment of schizophrenia for Jim is having him attend a mindfulness-based psychoeducation group program. A study for this treatment showed improvement in patients’ level of functioning, amount of psychotic symptoms,†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, a patient who is hallucinating might hear, see, feel, or smell things that are not there. Most commonly, patients might hear someone whispering to them, but they may not even see anyone there. Neg ative symptoms would be feelings or behaviors that have been taken away (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). This might mean that the patient is losing interest in life, lacking emotion, or have lost the will to complete basic life activities such as bathing. Schizophrenia is often misrepresented as someone with extreme delusions and hallucinations. Unfortunately, for schizophrenic patients, it is the negative symptoms that cause the major impairments in life. Jim comes from an Argentinian family with five brothers in sisters. Jim’s first began to show signs of schizophrenia in high school. Jim had always been a good student, but his life took a turn when his father had a heart attack. This put his father in critical condition so Jim’s grades began to slip because he spent most of his time worrying and praying for his father’s recovery. Over time, his father did recover and Jim was convinced his prayers had healing power; this was his first experience with a delusion. Jim began to believe he could influence people’s actions with his mind with his â€Å"God-like† powers. Jim’s negative symptoms also are causing damage his life. He skips many of his classes when he entered college, avoids socialShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia Essay937 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Per MentalHelp.net, schizophrenia is rare with approximately one-percent of the worldwide population and 1.2 percent of the population of the United States suffering from the disease as of 2009. Accurate statistics are difficult to obtain because many sufferers do not seek help. Symptoms typically – but not always – present in teen years with different peak times for females and males. Females have two peak times of vulnerability – mid- to late twenties and again around 40 – whereasRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1108 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia What is schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought, cognitive impairment, and mood symptoms. Hallucinations may include hearing voices (auditory hallucinations) or seeing people (visual hallucinations) that are not actually present. Patient also often have â€Å"negative† findings such as decreased energy, flat affect, and a lack of interest. These symptoms must typically be present for at least 6 months andRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1060 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Schizophrenia is a well-known emotional and mental disorder that causes hallucinations, and paranoid and delusional behaviour (Hoffer, 2004). In contrast to many other diseases, schizophrenia is mostly due to genetics and influenced by the environment. People who suffer from this disorder usually cannot differentiate from the imaginative world from the real one. Schizophrenia is often a result of stress and develops gradually (DeLisi, 2011). It is therefore, essential to start earlyRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1238 Words   |  5 Pagesdiagnosed with them. Although there are many neurological diseases, schizophrenia is one of them. Schizophrenia is one of the more known disorders in the psychological world. Throughout this paper the following questions are answered: what is schizophrenia, what are the causes of schizophrenia, what are some of the types of schizophrenia, and what are the treatment options for those who are diagnosed with schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a disabling disorder and is chronic and severe to those thatRead MoreSymptoms And Treatments Of Schizophrenia1205 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia Roughly 2.5 Million Americans have been diagnosed with a chronical brain disorder known as Schizophrenia. Most people believe schizophrenia causes people to have split personalities, but that’s not the case. The illness called Schizophrenia causes a person to hallucinate, hear voices that others can’t hear, make people believe that they are being watched, and the belief somebody is out to harm them. (Mental Health America 2015) In this paper I will write about the prevalence, whatRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1011 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia is a mental disorder that consists of hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and thought. â€Å"Schizo† if Greek for Split while â€Å"phrene† means mind; schizophrenia literally translates to split mind (Burton, 2012). Why is schizophrenia considered to be split minded? According to Khouzam, 2012 split mind is used to describe the disruption within the thought process Schizophrenia i s a mental disorder that has subcategories that include paranoia, catatonia, disorganized, residual andRead MoreSymptoms, And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1413 Words   |  6 PagesOverview, Symptoms, and Treatment for Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that is affecting people’s lives every day. There isn’t a cure for this disorder and it is lifelong. Schizophrenia can affect a person’s thoughts, emotions, and actions. People with this disorder can have a hard time figuring out what is real and what isn’t real. A common side effect to schizophrenia is hallucinations and delusions. Another common side effect is social withdrawal, which means that they avoid socialRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia843 Words   |  4 PagesPeople who suffered from schizophrenia were once mistaken to be â€Å"dangerous† and untreatable. For this reason, they were often institutionalized and removed from society (DiRocco). The causes of this mental psychotic disorder has been much more understood over the past decade resulting in the possibility for people with schizophrenia to live more average lives. Development of treatments, such as medication and various forms of psychotherapies, have been effective in treating symptoms and common comorbidRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1058 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia is defined as â€Å"a brain disorder that affects the way a person behaves, thinks, and sees the world.†(Melinda Smith, Jeanne Segal). Schizophrenia is treatable but incurable, and is present in one percent of the general population. Some people with schizophrenia can function normally without the help of medicines, while others must rely on medications. The disorder can also get so severe that an individual may need to be hospitalized or worse. The measures needed to treat schizophreniaRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1545 Words   |  7 PagesSchizophrenia, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), is a psychotic disorder that is characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behaviour, and other symptoms that cause social or occupati onal dysfunction (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). The symptoms of schizophrenia invade every aspect of a person: the way someone thinks, feels, and behaves; which implicates their interpersonal and working relationships. Individuals suffering

Rigor Research Validity in Qualitative †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Qualitative Rigor Research Validity in Qualitative. Answer: Introduction Antenatal counseling remains a key component for clinical care for expectant mothers, especially for primi gravida mothers. Antenatal psychological distress is estimated to be high worldwide. The prevalence ranges from 8% to 30%, depending on a countrys social cultural determinants. Statistics for developed countries stand at 18% with a higher percentage in developing countries(Satyanarayana,2011).Antenatal counseling, also prenatal counseling is a care the seeks to grow understanding of maternal care to mothers. This maternal care covers the care during and after the pregnancy. Primi gravida mothers by definition are mothers who are carrying their first pregnancy, meaning that they are often deficient of critical maternal care. The situation is especially wanting where the primi gravida mothers develop stress or anxiety for various reasons in the course of the pregnancy. Medical practitioners involved often advocate for non-invasive testing and counseling. In addition to these routine tastings and counseling, the World Health Organization(WHO)recommends information be accorded to pregnant mothers on health needs of the pregnant woman,nutrition,emergency preparedness, danger sign recognition and preventive home practices. Also included is advice that promotes mother and child health during and after birth. Management of stress in primi gravida mothers often amounts to anxiety and depression. It is the most common mental disorder during pregnancy, often relating to psychosocial and clinical factors (Ayele et al.2016). Maternal depression and anxiety form the greatest number of complications reported during pregnancy (Thomas et al.2014).It is noted that primi gravida mothers are adversely affected by this stressful state in relation to emotional wellbeing, her relationship with the child and the larger family. The child is also affected in various ways such as emotionally, potential disability and cognitive and behavioral development challenges (Thomas et al.2014). Over time, communication provide in antenatal counseling has shown positive impact towards improving stress conditions among primi gravida mothers. However,information studies indicate that in developing countries, information provided in antenatal counseling is inadequate.Actually,patients in these countries perceive antenatal counseling as poor and of limited communication (Jennings et al.2010).This findings explain the increasing need for antenatal counseling for primi gravida mothers all over the world. This study will examine whether antenatal counselling reduce the stress in primi gravida mothers during pregnancy. As previously, noted, effective antenatal counseling remains unpopular in developing countries as compared to developed countries where it has greatly improved maternal understanding and general health practices especially among primi gravida mothers (Jennings et al.2010). According to Satyanarayana (2011), cases of psychological distress are more in developing countries than in developed countries. Moreover, a few studies have investigated the effectiveness Antenatal counseling for stressed primi gravida mothers in the Australian context only to find that quality of antenatal counseling is wanting since counseling varies and there are no comprehensive national guidelines on antenatal care (Hunt and Lumley 2002). The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of antenatal care in reducing stress among primi gravida mothers in Australia. Research Question The main research question is, Does Antenatal Counselling Reduce the Stress in Primi Gravida Mothers During Pregnancy? The study will seek to address the following objectives: To determine the perceptions of primi gravida mothers on antenatal counseling. To determine the actual experiences in antenatal counseling for primi gravida mothers dealing with stress during pregnancy and their recommendations. To determine the nature and quality of support given to stressed primi gravida mothers during pregnancy. This being a qualitative investigation, the researcher will not endeavor to formulate and test a research hypothesis. Since the purpose of the research is to investigate whether antenatal counseling helps to reduce stress among pregnant primi gravida mothers. The researcher does not have prior knowledge of the feelings and experiences of stressed and pregnant primi gravida mothers in Australia, hence it is not possible to formulate meaningful hypothesis for testing. For the purpose of clinical practice, the researcher is interested in subjective experiences of stressed primi gravida mothers in antenatal counseling. Hypothesis testing requires numerical variables, which fail to address and reflect on the nature of the research as a nursing practice. Consequently, the use of the qualitative approach provides the researcher with the opportunity to have a broader perspective where the research goes through the entire research process, and then begins to narrow down to the themes and trends in the study that then guide the formulation of hypothesis (Blankenship, 2010). The hypothesis for the proposed study will be formulated at the end following a process of data collection and analysis. For the purpose of this investigation, the researcher shall employ the grounded theory to generate hypothesis from the data, findings and responses received from the study participants. According to Corbin and Strauss (1990) grounded theory enables researchers to begin an investigation without the need of formulating a testable hypothesis and generate the hypothesis or theories as they emerge from the data, findings and participant responses. Grounded theory uses two principles, namely, questioning instead of measuring and using theoretical coding to generate hypothesis (Corbin Strauss, 1990). There are different approaches for achieving the purpose of the proposed study. A research approach is important in determining the size of the research sample, the data that is relevant and appropriate to the study, and the relevant methods for collecting, analyzing and presenting the data and research findings (Caulley, 2007). Qualitative research allows the research to incorporate inspirations, motives, meanings, attitudes, values, beliefs, and human perspective in investigating the social reality and daily life experiences of people (Holloway and Galvin, 2016). Moreover, the qualitative design allows the researcher to investigate subjects, cases, phenomenon in their real and natural environment and settings thus generating appropriate meaning and insights from the experiences of the participants. With qualitative research design, the researcher is able to use different methodologies, approaches and methods of data collection, analysis and presentation. This allows the researcher to achieve flexibility, freedom and adaptability while investigating the research question and attaining the purpose of the study (Marshall and Rossman, 2011). The qualitative research approach is therefore appropriate, relevant and important in providing an understanding on whether antenatal counseling helps to reduce stress in pregnant primi gravida mothers in Australia, and the support accorded to these mothers. This study will adopt a qualitative research design with semi-structured interviews. The use of semi-structured interviews offers the researcher flexibility and balance of the open-ended interviews and highly structured ethnographic research (Bernard and Bernard, 2012). Research Design The researcher will employ the explorative research design to investigate the purpose and objectives of the study. The explorative design is deemed appropriate when collecting primary research data, gaining insights and familiarity with the topic under investigation. It will be important for the researcher to be familiar with the experience of mothers during pregnancy and the role of prenatal counseling in reducing pain. By using the exploratory design, the researcher will be able to understand the ideas, theoretical foundations and assumptions guiding the study under investigations. Hence, the exploratory design is appropriate, and relevant to the proposed study. Semi-structured interviews are effective when analyzing, developing and refining a research question. It is also useful when researcher is seeking to uncover descriptive data concerning the experiences of the research participants. Using semi-structured interviews enables the research to move from a general topic to specific variables and factors in the study (Galletta, 2013). Moreover, semi-structured interviews offer the researcher an opportunity to identify and describe existing relationships and develop theoretical background for further research. Semi-structured interviews enable the research to examine and explore the lived experiences of research participants (Galletta, 2013). Study population shall comprise specifically primi gravida mothers who experienced stress and anxiety during their pregnancy, and attended antenatal counseling at Renmark Paringa District Hospital Inc.Ral Ral Ave, Renmark, Australia between December 2016 and April 2017. Sampling allows the researcher to select participants from the entire population for the purpose of the study (Privitera, 2013). A good sampling technique enables the researcher to identify a representative sample from the population that aids in attaining the purpose of the study while remaining cost-effective and appropriate to the available resources, both people, time and money (Privitera, 2013). This study will use purposive sampling technique. Purposive sampling is one of the non-probability techniques useful for conducting qualitative studies and enables the researcher to gain a deeper understanding of the problem, phenomenon or issues under investigation. The researcher deliberately makes choices and selections of the research participants based on the predetermined qualities that they have (Tongco, 2007). The researcher determines the information he/she wants to collect and goes out to identify and select people who are able and willing to provide the desired information based on their personal experiences and knowledge (Tongco, 2007). The purposive sampling technique would be very effective in achieving the purpose of the proposed study. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria The sample for this study will be drawn only from primi gravida mothers who attended antenatal counseling and has stressful pregnancy period for the period December 2016-April 2017.For the mothers to be eligible to participate in the research, they will be required to demonstrate a recent memory of their experience. Moreover, the mother should be able to speak and understand English. The researcher will conduct sampling until the right participants and the required sample size has been attained. For the purpose of the research, given the limited time and financial resources, the researcher shall target to recruit a sample size of n=20 primi gravida mothers going through stressful pregnancy period and who met the above stated inclusion and exclusion criteria. The researcher will contact all the primi gravida mothers in the sample identified and request for their participation in the proposed study. Informed consent is critical to ensuring attainment of the research objectives while safeguarding and protecting the interests of the participants in the study (Shrivastava, Shrivastava and Ramasamy, 2015). Therefore, the researcher will inform the mothers on the nature and importance of the study. The mothers shall be granted an opportunity to accept or reject the invitation to partake in the study. Their decision will be reached without force, or undue influence. The researcher will identify the names of those who agree to participate in the study and further educate them on the purpose of the study, nature of activities they would be involved and the use of the information and results generated from the investigation. They will be expected to read, understand and sign an informed consent sheet, which will be assessed by the Ethics Committee for accuracy, completeness and relevance for the proposed study. This particular study will use both primary and secondary data to attain its purpose and objectives. Secondary data shall comprise books, journals and other scholarly publications that the researcher will use to establish the context, theoretical background, explain the concepts, refine the research topic and identify gaps in the existing literature on the topic for future research (Rabianski, 2004). The qualitative design offers variety regarding the methods of collecting primary data for the purpose of the study.Primary data collection will use different methods, including face-to-face interviews, primary and secondary data, case studies, observations and discussions within focused groups (Rabianski, 2004). The choice of the preferred method depends on the objective and purpose of the investigation and the kind of data that the researcher seeks to collect (Rabianski, 2004). For the purpose of the proposed investigation, primary data will be collected through face-to-face interviews conducted by the researcher over a period of 4 months. Face to face interviews provides an opportunity for the researcher to ensure the completeness of the semi-structured interviews, ask other emerging or probing questions and observe the non-verbal cues from the participants to compliment their stated feelings, perceptions and experiences concerning the research question (DiCicco?Bloom and Crabtree, 2006). All the interviews will be conducted in English language. The interview shall comprise asking mothers with participants to describe their experiences while going through the antenatal counscelling and to offer recommendations where necessary. The researcher will use probing questions to guide the primi gravida mothers in delving deeper and offering more information and detail concerning the effectiveness of the antenatal counseling in reducing their stress. The researcher will use instruments such as notebooks and electronic recorders to document and preserve the interviews for reviewing later during the data analysis phase. At the end of the interviewing process the researcher will recap and summarize every key point provided by the mothers, and then verify where necessary to determine the correctness and accuracy of the data collected. Data analysis phase will then follow. Data Analysis Data analysis is critical to understanding the collected data, and deriving relevant findings, conclusions and recommendations. After completing all the interviews, the researcher will listen to the recorded tapes and engage in verbatim transcription of the recorded interviews. An independent observer will be used to check the content of the recorded tapes and compare it with the non-verbal behavior noted during the interviews. The researcher and independent observer shall engage in careful reading and re-reading of the transcripts to establish actual meanings and trends emerging from the data, and the non-verbal cues observed among the research participants. Following Morse (1994) framework, line-by-line reading of the narrative will be conducted and the arising text divided into categories. This shall comprise level 1 coding where unique words or codes will be assigned to every category to convey specific meaning of the category (Graneheim and Lundman, 2004). The level 2 coding shall involve grouping all the coded data to common meaning, generating categories and subthemes from the information (Graneheim and Lundman, 2004). Level 3 coding will include grouping the subthemes together to achieve emerging trends or themes constituting the Basic Social Psychological Process (Graneheim and Lundman, 2004). Three independent coders and assessors will review the entire coding process, the codes assigned and categories formulated in order to determine the trustworthiness, validity and accuracy of the codes and ensure easier and effective interpretations of the information and findings gleaned from the study. Rigor, Reliability and Validity Unlike quantitative studies, it is very challenging to establish rigor in qualitative investigations because of the subjective nature of information and data collected. Although reliability and validity are research concepts commonly utilized in quantitative investigations, they also have a role in qualitative studies, especially while designing, analyzing data and ensuring the overall quality of the study (Patton, 1990). Researcher use concepts of credibility, comfirmability, dependability and transferability to assess rigor qualitative studies (Lincoln and Guba,1985). Credibility relates to providing findings that are convincing and believable. Transferability entails the ease of application of research findings across other context that share similarities with the research setting. Dependability is a feature that entails the findings from a study almost similar to other studies conducted on the topic. Confirmability is a test where an independent reviewer or auditor finds similar findings as the lead researcher. Trustworthiness is a critical measure of reliability in qualitative studies (Seale, 1999). Lincoln and Guba (1985) further note that the measure of trustworthiness replaces validity and reliability measures while conducting qualitative research. Research rigor or trustworthiness is achieved through researchers attention and confirmation of information gathered to represent the actual experiences of the participants (Thomas and Magilvy, 2011). For the purpose of the proposed study, the researcher will use four criteria proposed in Gubas framework to establish the trustworthiness of the qualitative investigation. Lincoln and Guba (1985) identified credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability as important measures of trustworthiness. Credibility will be attained by tape recording the interviews, conducting participants debriefing, member checks and comparing notes and summaries with the participants to verify their experiences. The researcher will assess transferability by sharing the findings with an independent colleague to offer constructive critique and sharing the findings from nurses and mothers that did not participate in the study. An independent reviewer will also check the findings, analysis, interpretations and the recommendations to confirm that they are supported by the available data. The researcher will assess dependability by using a more experienced independent person to check and review the coding and analysis process. Finally, confirmability will be achieved by using the actual words of the participants to explain and describe their experiences plus recommendations concerning antenatal counseling for stressed and pregnanat primi gravida mothers. While conducting an investigation, the researcher has ethical obligations to ensure and protect the rights of the participants (Munhall, 2012). It will be important to establish trust between the researcher and the participants. Hence, ethical considerations will be very important in the proposed study. Three ethical considerations will be utilized while conducting the study. Firstly, before conducting the study, the researcher will seek informed consent and written approval from the university ethics committee (Munhall, 2012). Permission will also be sought from the Management of the hospital where the study will be conducted. Finally, informed consent will be sought from mothers, who will participate in the actual study. Secondly, the researcher will ensure confidentiality and anonymity by using codes instead of the actual names of the participants to avoid divulging personal information to the public (Munhall, 2012). Lastly, the participants will be informed of their right to with draw from the study at any given point without any punishment. Like any other research, this study will experience a few challenges that will affect the quality of the research findings and applications to the general population. The collection and analysis of qualitative data is time consuming, and expensive, which will hinder the researcher from exploring a larger sample size (Anderson, 2010). The use of a small sample size reduces credibility and reliability of the research findings, which will create a problem in generalizing the findings to the entire study population (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault, 2015). This being a qualitative research, it is very difficult to assess rigor through reliability and validity tests, forcing the researcher to use trustworthiness measure (Green and Thorogood, 2013). Conclusion In conclusion, this paper has presented a proposal for investigating possibility reducing stress for pregnant primi gravida mothers through antenatal counseling in Australia. This research proposal is significant to my overall academic performance since it will culminate into an academic enquiry that is relevant and appropriate for my program. There being no specific guidelines of antenatal care for primi gravida and other mothers in Australia, there is little or no information concerning the experiences of mothers going through stress, anxiety or depression in the nursing practice. The literature of this study will contribute to a body of literature on the subject and topic by identifying existing research gaps, and developing knowledge, recommendations, and research based evidence concerning the experiences of stressed and expectant primi gravida mothers. Upcoming primi gravida mothers, Management, nurses and counsellors, caregivers and future students will find this study very rel evant to nursing. Nurses and counsellors will understand how to best support, and provide adequate information to pregnant primi gravida mothers who experience stress. References Anderson, C., 2010. 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